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Ministry Russian Federation communication and informatization

Siberian State University of Informatics Telecommunications

Interregional Center for Retraining Specialists

Course work

Discipline: "Psychology and Pedagogy"

Topic: "Communication - the basis of interpersonal relations"

Performed: Mary Viktorovna Cow

Group: EDZ-82

Novosibirsk 2011.

Introduction

1 General concept of communication as the basis of interpersonal relationships

2 Interpersonal factors

3 Communication of the characteristics of the circle of communicating personality and its properties

4 Communication and formation of personality

5 Conditions of psychologically comfortable and personally developing communication

6 Psychological aspects of psycho-libegenis of professional activities

7 Empirical research

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Currently no longer have to prove that interpersonal communication is completely prerequisite Being of people that without it is impossible to fully form a person in a person not a single mental function or mental process, not a single block of mental properties, the individual as a whole.

Since communication is the interaction of people and since it always deploates mutual understanding of each other by them, they establish certain relationships, there is a certain intelligence (in the sense of the behavior selected by the people participating in relation to each other), then interpersonal communication is such a process , Provided if we want to comprehend its essence, should be considered as a person's system - a person in the entire multidimensional dynamics of its operation (as other types of communication may be called: personality communication with various communities of people, communication of these communities among themselves).

For interpersonal communication, such a situation is typical when participants in communication, entering into contacts, pursue each other more or less significant goals for them, which may coincide according to their content, and may differ from each other. These goals are a consequence of certain motives that are available from participants in communication, their achievement constantly implies the use of various ways of behavior, which each person has been formed as the quality of the object and the subject of communication has been developed. All this means that interpersonal communication on its main characteristics is always a type of activity, the essence of which is the interaction of a person with a person.

1 General concept of communication as the basis of interpersonal relationships

Considering the lifestyle of various higher animals and man, we notice that two sides are allocated: contacts with nature and contact with living beings. The first type of contacts - activities. The second type of contacts is characterized by the fact that living beings, organism with the body, exchanging information, are interacting with each other parties. This type of intraspecific and interspecific contacts are called communication.

Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level, it acquires the most advanced forms, becoming aware and mediated speech. The following aspects are allocated in communication: content, purpose and means.

The content is information that in mertinevual contacts is transmitted from one living creature to another. One person can transfer other information about cash, counting on a potential participation in their satisfaction. Through communication from one living being, data on their emotional states (satisfaction, joy, anger, sadness, suffering, etc.) can be transferred, focused on setting another living creature to a certain way to contact. The same information is transmitted from person to person and serves as an interpersonal tuning agent. In relation to an angry or suffering person, we, for example, behave differently than in relation to the one who is tuned benevolently and is joy. The content of communication can be information about the state of the external environment transmitted from one living being to another, for example, signals about the danger or the presence of somewhere nearby positive, biologically significant factors, say, food.

A person has a comprehensive content is much wider than in animals. People exchange each other with information representing the knowledge of the world, rich, prominently acquired experience, knowledge, ability, skills and skills. Human communication is multiplied, it is the most diverse in its inner content.

The purpose of communication is that, for which a person has this type of activity. In animals, the purpose of communication may be the prompting of another living creature to certain actions, a warning that it is necessary to refrain from any action. Mother, for example, voice or movement warns the young on danger; Some animals in the herd can prevent others that they are perceived by vital signals. In person, the number of communication goals is increasing. In addition to those listed above, the transfer and receipt of objective knowledge about the world, training and education, coordination of reasonable actions of people in their joint activity, establishing and clarifying personal and business relationships, much more. If animals have the purpose of communication usually do not go beyond the satisfaction of the actual biological needs, then in humans they are a means of meeting many diverse needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.

No less significant differences in communication means. The latter can be defined as methods for encoding, transmitting, processing and deciphering information transmitted in the process of communication of one living creature to another.

Information coding is a way to transfer it from one living being to another. For example, information can be transmitted using direct bodily contacts: tapping the body, arms, etc. Information can be transmitted by people and perceived at a distance through the senses (observations from one person behind the movements of another or perception of the sound signals produced by them).

In a person, in addition to all this data from the nature of the methods of transmitting information, there are many of those that are invented and improved by them. This is a language and other iconic systems, writing in its various kinds and forms (texts, schemes, drawings, drawings), technical means of recording, transmission and storage of information (radio and video equipment; mechanical, magnetic, laser and other forms of records). In its ingenuity in the choice of funds and methods of intraspecific communication, people were much ahead of all living beings known to us, living on the planet Earth.

Depending on the content, goals and means, communication can be divided into several types. According to the content, it can be represented as material (exchange of objects with product activities), cognitive (knowledge sharing), conditioned (metal exchange or physiological), motivational (exchange of prompting, goals, interests, motives, needs), activity (action exchange, operations, skills, skills).

With material communication, the subjects, being employed by individual activities, exchange its products, which, in turn, serve as a means of meeting their current needs. With conditioned communication, people influence each other, designed to bring each other to a certain physical or mental state. For example, raise your mood or, on the contrary, spoil it, but ultimately - to have a certain impact on each other's well-being.

Motivational communication has its content to transfer certain motives, installations or preparedness to actions in a certain direction.

The illustration of cognitive and activity communication can be communication related to various types of cognitive or educational activities. Here, the subject is transmitted from the subject to the subject, the expanding horizontal, which improves and developing abilities.

For purposes, communication is divided into biological and social in accordance with the needs serviced by them. Biological is a communication needed to maintain, preserve and develop the body. It is associated with the satisfaction of the main organic needs. Social communication pursues the goal of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, the establishment and development of interpersonal relations, personal growth of the individual. There are so many private purposes to communicate how much petitions of biological and social needs can be distinguished.

For means, communication may be direct and mediated, direct and indirect. Direct communication is carried out with the help of natural organs, the data of the living being by nature: hands, head, torso, voice ligaments, etc. Mediated communication is associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and information sharing. These are either natural items (stick, trail on Earth, etc.), or cultural (iconic systems, records of symbols on various media, print, radio, television, etc.). Direct communication involves personal contacts and direct perception of each other by communicating people in the act of communication, their communication in cases where they see and directly react to each other's actions. Indirect communication is carried out through intermediaries who can serve other people. A person differs from animals by the presence of his special, vital need for communication, as well as the fact that most of his time he spends in communicating with other people. Among the types of communication, a business and personal, instrumental and target can be distinguished.

Business communication is usually included as a private point in any joint activity of people and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity. Its content is that people are busy, and not those problems that affect their inner world, in contrast to business personal communication, on the contrary, is focused mainly around the psychological problems of an internal nature that deeply affect the personality of man.

Instrumental can be called communication, which is not an end in itself, is not stimulated by an independent need, but it is haunting some other purpose, except for obtaining satisfaction from the act of communication itself. Target is communication, which in itself serves as a means of meeting the specific need, in this case the need for communication.

In person's life, communication does not exist as a separate process or an independent form of activity. It is included in individual or group practical activity, which cannot neither arise, or without intensive and versatile communication.

The result of communication becomes the mutual influence of people on each other.

The most important types of communication in humans are verbal and non-verbal. Non-verbal communication does not imply the use of sound speech, natural language as a means of communication. The non-verbal is communication with the help of facial expressions, gestures and pantomimics, through direct sensory or bodily contacts. These are tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images obtained from another person. Most of the non-verbal forms and means of communicating in humans are congenital and allow him to interact, seeking mutual understanding on the emotional and behavioral levels, not only with itself similar, but also with other living beings. Verbal communication is inherent only by a person and as a mandatory condition implies the learning of the language. According to its communicative opportunities, it is much richer than all kinds and forms of non-verbal communication, although in life it cannot replace it completely.

Communication is of great importance in the formation of human psyche, its development and the formation of reasonable, cultural behavior. Through communication with psychologically developed people, thanks to wide opportunities for learning, a person acquires all its highest cognitive abilities and quality. Through active communication with advanced personalities, he himself turns into a person.

If the person had been deprived of the opportunity to communicate with people, he would never have become a civilized, cultural and morally developed citizen, would have been doomed until the end of life, only externally, anatomy-physiologically resembling a person.

Especially important for the psychic development of the child has its communication with adults in the early stages of ontogenesis. At this time, all their human, mental and behavioral qualities, he acquires almost exclusively through communication, as it is up to the beginning of training at school, and even more definitely - before the onset adolescenceHe is deprived of the ability to self-education and self-education. Mental development The child begins with communication. This is the first type of social activity that arises in ontogenesis and thanks to which the infant gets the information necessary for its individual development. In communication, first through direct imitation (vicarium learning), and then through verbal instructions (verbal learning), the main life experience of the child is purchased.

Communication constitutes the internal mechanism of joint activities of people. Increasing the role of communication, the importance of its study is due to the fact that in modern society, it is much more common in direct, direct communication between people, solutions are developed, which were previously accepted, as a rule.

2 Factors defining interpersonal communication

In the overwhelming number, the interpersonal interaction of people denoted as communication is almost always woven into operations and acts as a condition for its implementation. So, without communicating people with each other, there can be no collective labor, teachings, arts, games, the functioning of the media. At the same time, the type of activity that communication serves is invariably imposes its own printing on the content, the form, the flow of the entire communication process, between the performers of this activity.

Interpersonal communication Not only the necessary component of activity, the implementation of which involves the interaction of people, but at the same time a prerequisite for the normal functioning of the community of people.

When comparing the nature of interpersonal communication in different associations of people, the presence of similarities and differences are striking. The similarity acts that communication is the necessary condition for their being, a factor on which the successful solution of tasks facing him, their movement forward. At the same time, each commonality is characterized by the prevailing activity in it. Thus, for the study group, such activities will be mastered by knowledge, skills and skills, sports team - the performance designed to achieve the planned result in competitions, for the family - the education of children, ensuring the living conditions of life, the organization of leisure and others. Therefore, in each type of community. There is a predominant type of interpersonal communication, providing the main activity for this community. At the same time, it is clear that people in community communicate, not only the main activity for this community, but also is necessarily what this community itself is. If you take a family, then its everyday goals - the upbringing of children, the fulfillment of economic affairs, the organization of leisure and other - the interpersonal communication of family members to each other directionally program. However, how it turns out to be in reality - depends on the composition of the family, complete or incomplete this family, "three - two" - or "single-oxygen". Specific characteristics of intra-family interpersonal communication are also associated with moral and general cultural appearance of spouses, with understanding their parental duties, age and the state of health of children, other family members. As in any other generality, the features of interaction in the form of interpersonal communication and in the family are also largely due to the family members perceive and understand each other, which emotional response, they are most advantageous in each other and what style of behavior they are in relation to each other To a friend allow.

The community to which the person belongs is forming the standards of communication, which a person gets used to follow. Having in mind the persistent effect of the type of activity and the singularities of the community of people in which interpersonal communication is deployed, it is necessary to make amendment on the constant variability of the activities and community of people. All these changes, combined, necessarily affect the interpersonal communication of the performers of this activity.

In the interaction of people, each person is constantly in the role of the object and the subject of communication. As a subject, he knows other participants in communication, there is an interest in them, and maybe indifference or dislike. As a subject, solving in relation to them a certain task, it affects them. At the same time, it turns out to be the object of knowledge for everyone with whom he communicates. It turns out to be the object to which they address their feelings, which they try to influence, more or less strongly influence. At the same time, it should be specifically emphasized that this stay of each participant in communication at the same time as an object and the subject is characteristic of any type of direct communication of people.

Staying in the position of the object (subject) of communication, people are very different from each other by the character of them. First, "execution" may be more or less conscious. As an object, a person can show other people its physical appearance, expressive behavior, design of appearance, its actions, naturally without at all thinking about what response they are called in those with whom he communicates. But he may be attempting to determine what impression is in others around the whole communication with them or at some particular moment, it is purposefully to do everything from him to form themselves exactly the impression that he would like them to be It was. Secondly, distinguishing along the degree of complexity of their personal structure, which characterizes their individual originality, people represent unequal opportunities for successful interaction withdraw.

At the same time, being subjects of communication, people differ from each other inherent in each of them the ability to penetrate the mentioned peculiarity of a different personality, to determine their attitude towards it, choose the most responding, in their opinion, the objectives of communicating them to communicate on this personality.

Currently, the phenomenon of so-called compatibility or incompatibility of people is widely investigated in psychology. At the same time, the facts show that called large or smaller compatibility is the strongest all gives itself to know in the communication of people, directly determining how they show themselves as objects and subjects of communication.

Now for psychological science is very relevant, using a comparison to develop the typology of communicating personalities similar to each other by certain parameters or differing from each other by certain parameters.

3 Communication of the characteristics of the personality communication circle and its properties

The personality of a person is formed in the process of communicating with people. If, in the initial period of life, a person is not free to choose people who make up his immediate environment, then in adulthood, he himself can largely regulate the number and composition of people who surround it and with whom he communicates. A person, thus, provides a certain flow of psychological impact on the part of this environment.

As you know, directly the environment of a person make up the people with whom he lives together, plays, learn, rests, works. All their people mentally reflect, for each gives an emotional response, in relation to each practicing a certain way of behavior. From the personal characteristics of these people, the nature of the mental reflection, the emotional attitude and behavior of a person who communicate with them is greaterly depend.

At the same time, this is a mental reflection, emotional attitude and behavior always carry on them to print the peculiarities of the motivational and consumer sphere of a person who communicates with the people around him. With these features, the choice of people with whom he prefers to communicate.

Numerous facts show that, depending on how people with their external and internal appearance, knowledge, skills and actions, satisfy the needs of a person who communicate with them, are the frequency and character of his communication with them. Compliance with the characteristics that people communicate with him, the features of its needs and motivational sphere, determines the subjective significance of each of these people for a person.

At the same time, people become subjectively significant for a person and cause a desire to communicate with them not only when they correspond to the assimiors of the references, traditional for people of his environment. The choice of people for more frequent communication is influenced by such specific individual identity needs, as a need for sympathy, care, dominance, in protecting "I" or in self-affirmation.

The quantitative and high-quality parameters of the circle of direct communication of man certainly affect the characteristics such as social affiliation and circumstances, such as teaching in high school, features of work or leaving it by a woman for the raising of children.

The expansion of the boundaries of the communication circle in most people is characterized by the breaks of graduality. Significant updating of the composition of people with whom everyone communicates, comes in such dots of life path as arrival in kindergarten, to school, transition to its middle, then older classes, army care, admission to the institute, beginning independent work, marriage or marriage. Increases communication with peers from the same sexual group and expanding the circle of communication with adults with the transition to the middle class schools.

With age, there is a significant change in the nature of the reasons forcing the person to enter into direct communication with other people. So, if in the temporary interval of life 15-23, there is a significant increase in contacts, which were based on the need to meet the cognitive need, then their noticeable decrease occurs. The most intense period of direct communication is at age for 23-30 years. After this age, the circle of human communication decreases, i.e. The number of subjectively significant and included in the circle of direct communication of people is reduced.

Changes in the subjective significance of other people for the individual, as a rule, are caused by, on the one hand, its position in relation to itself in the system of needs, on the other hand, by the attitude towards it from those who make it a circle of communication. These relevant relations of other people in different degrees for humans are influenced by not so much on his leading needs, as if they subordinate to the tendency of their "I", manifested in search and in the implementation of ways of behavior claiming this "I".

The problem that needs a further solution is to find out how the specific composition of people who form a circle of communication in for different years His life affects the formation of a person.

To solve this problem, it is necessary not only general terms and Conditionswho make other people meaningful to humans and increase it with its impact on their impact, but also to establish how these conditions should change from age to age, depending on the gentle of man, his profession and individual personal properties, so that he has a high The degree of advantage on the impact of certain people. It is necessary to find out what should be a circle of communication between each particular person at every stage of his life, so that the formation of his personality went most successfully. Finally, how to manage the creation of such a circle of communication for a person so that not only objective practices, but also its interaction with other people can be consciously and purposefully use to optimally develop his personality.

4 Communication and Formation of Personality

Recently, scientists representing various fields of psychological science show an increased interest in a circle of problems that, after their solution, all together will allow enough exhaustively to cover the patterns of communication mechanism.

Their efforts have enriched the psychology near the general and more private facts, which, being considered from the standpoint of the holistic theory of human development as an individual and as a person, convincingly show the maximum necessary role of communication in the formation of many important characteristics of mental processes, states and properties throughout the human life.

It is necessary to consistently consider all these facts and try to trace how and why communication along with difficulty acts as an obligatory personally formative factor and how to strengthen its importance in education.

If there is a person's activity under the activity, aimed at achieving certain, resentful goals with the help of methods learned in society and stimulated by as defined motives, then the activity will be not only the work of the surgeon, painter, but also the interaction of people with each other in the form of communication.

After all, it is clear that, entering into communication with each other, people, as a rule, pursue some kind of purpose: to make another person a like-minded person, to achieve confessions from him, keep from the wrong act, like it, etc. To implement it, they more or less deliberately use their speech, all their expression, and encourage them to act in such cases exactly, and not otherwise they have needs, interests, beliefs, value orientations.

At the same time, describing communication as a special type of activity, it is necessary to see that without it, the full development of a person as a person and a subject of activity can occur without individuality. If the process of this development is not considered unilateral and actually evaluated, it turns out that human objective activity in all its modifications and its communication with other people is intertwined in life the most closely.

Playing, the child communicates. For many years, the doctrine necessarily implies communication. Labor, as is known, in the overwhelming number of cases requires constant interaction of people in the form of communication. And on how communication is organized, the results of the subjective practical activities of people employed by it depend on. In turn, the course and results of this activity constantly and inevitably affect many characteristics. communicative activities involved in the subject activity of people.

And on the formation of a number of sustainable characteristics of mental processes, states and properties of the personality of a person, and on the formation of the structure of these properties, the subject activity and communication activities are aggregated, with different effects depending on their relationship.

If the moral norms for which people's communication is built in the main work for them, do not coincide with the norms underlying their communication in other activities, the development of their personality will be more or less controversial, the formation of a solid personality everybody will be difficult .

Trying to find out the reasons for communicating with one of the strongest factors involved in the formation of the personality, it would be simplified to see his educational significance only in the fact that in this way people get the opportunity to convey to each other knowledge of the surrounding reality that they possess, as well as skills and Skills required to a person to successfully carry out objective activities.

The educational value of communication lies not only in the fact that it expands the general horizon of a person and contributes to the development of mental entities that are necessary for him to successfully carry out an objective nature. The educational value of communication is that it is a prerequisite for the formation of a common human intelligence, and above all, many of its mental and molemic characteristics.

What kind of requirements are presented by people to his attention, perception, memory, imagination, thinking when they communicate every day, which the benefits of "food" ask him, what tasks to be put in front of him and what level of its activity is caused - from this A specific combination of different characteristics, which carries intelligence of a person depends a greater degree.

No less communication as activity has and for development emotional sphere man, forming his feelings. What experiences advantage provoke communicating with man people, appreciating his affairs and appeal, responding somehow on his appeal to them, what feelings appear with him when he sees them of business and actions - all this has a strongest impact on the development in his Personality of sustainable emotional responses to the impact of certain parties reality - the phenomena of nature, social events, groups of people, etc.

Equally significant influence has communication and the volitional development of a person. Whether he gets used to be collected, persistent, decisive, bold, purposeful, or he will prevail opposite qualities - all this is largely determined by the specifications of the specified qualities of the specific situations of communication, in which a person day after day turns out.

Servicing objective activities and contributing to the formation of typical common characteristics its horizons, the ability to treat objects, as well as its intelligence and emotional-volitional sphere, communication to an even greater extent is a prerequisite for the necessary prerequisite for the development of the complex of both simpler and more complex qualities that make it capable of living among people, coexist with them and even climb to the implementation of high moral principles in their behavior.

The fullness and correctness of the assessment by the person of other people who manifest themselves psychological attitudes at the perception of others and the manner to respond to their behavior carry the printed experience of communication. If he was in the life path of people, in virtues and disadvantages, similar to each other, and to communicate every day with a small number of persons who do not represent various age, sex, professional and national-class groups of people, then this limitation of personal impressions from Meetings with people cannot but affect the education of estimated standards, which he begins to apply to other people, and as a result of its emotional reactions to their behavior, on the nature of the responses to the actions of the persons with whom he for one or other reasons Chatting now.

Own experience is only one of the ways of forming the qualities of the qualities necessary for him for successful communication with other people. Another way that complements the first is the constant enrichment by its theoretical information relating to various fields of human practices, penetration of human psyche, comprehending the laws governing his behavior, through reading scientific and truly fiction, view realistic films and performances that help penetrate into the inner world of a person, understanding the mechanisms that ensure its existence. Coming from different sources the enrichment of people with generalized knowledge about the main manifestations of man as a person, sustainable dependencies that bind her internal characteristics with its actions, as well as with the surrounding reality, makes these people more inequate towards personality essence and, so to speak, the momentary state of each Of those specific persons with which these people have to interact.

You need to raise another question that has a direct relation to the education of the person's ability to interact with other people on a psychologically competent level, is the formation of a plant for creativity in communication. Man, especially if he is an educator, head, doctor, is obliged to be able to exercise an individual approach to each of those with whom he has to work, overcome formalism in communication and, leaving evaluation stereotypes, to identify, crossing through old behavioral patterns, to seek and try Educational suitable for this case Methods of circulation.

To achieve tangible results in the lighting of all directions of the personality formation process in communication, new questions should be put and search for scientifically convincing answers. These include the development of communication management paths in order to increase its educational impact on the personality and, in connection with this, the definition of a directed correction of personality communication, which has these specific properties; Clarification of the most favorable comprehensive development of the identity of the characteristics of communication, its goals, funds, actualization of motives, taking into account age, gender and profession of communicating; Search for an educationally optimal organization of communication in the fulfillment by people of various activities; Creation of reliable diagnostic tools to establish the degree of formation in the personality structure of the features forming the "communicative block".

5 Conditions of psychologically comfortable and personally developing communication

Currently, the generally accepted is a huge role of communication in the development of a person or other psychological state, in the actualization of certain characteristics of mental processes and properties, as well as in the formation of his entire personality.

For communication to optimally contribute to the satisfaction of the positive needs of those involved in communicating persons, they have gave rise to their state of emotional comfort, high intellectual-volitional activity, allowing them to successfully implement the goals of collective activities, it should be characterized by a number of psychological features.

If you keep in mind the peculiarities of knowledge by participants of each other's communication, which conducive to an increase in the psychological effectiveness of interpersonal interaction, strengthen their role in the development of individual properties and identities of each participant in communication, then they are:

1) Communicative should carry the ability to perceive and adequately psychologically interpreting each other's behavior directly at each moment of communication, fix changes in cognitive processes, feelings and actions of communication partners, to determine the reasons that these changes are caused;

2) Communicatives should have a wide range of estimated standards, allowing them to compare the nature of the changes coming in the verbal and non-verbal behavior of each participant in communication, and to make the right conclusions in a timely manner;

3) Some participants in communication constantly need to be aware of how they perceive and psychologically interpret their appearance and the behavior of the remaining participants of this communication and, accordingly, "make a correction" on this influence;

4) Communicatives should have, if possible, deep knowledge of typical errors like the "effect effect", "stereotypization", "projection" and others that are often allowed when evaluating the external and internal appearance of other people, as well as with psychological explanation of the observed picture of them behavior; They should also constantly show the ability to do not fall into dogmatism and ocossiness when evaluating the appearance and behavior of each other, to detect the ability to add from prejudice with the knowledge of another person imposed on the stranger, maybe a reputable opinion, for the sake of comprehension of individually uniquely uniqueness of this person.

The condition for the development of a comfortable state in communicating, their behavior on the optimal level of intellectual-volitional activity is also the manifestation of their goodwill in relation to each other with interpersonal contacts, as well as the ability to empathize and sympathy.

An important condition for successful communication is also sincerity in terms of feelings, because only if it has it, it is possible to build a truly psychologically adequate and constructive behavior of participants in relation to each other.

Communicative people should develop a stable habit of creativity that manifests itself in constant search and use when establishing and maintaining contacts with each other of behavioral methods that take into account the individual originality of those who are addressed to, and at the same time as much as possible to achieve the objectives of communication.

By selecting ways of impact on participants in communication and using them in the process of establishing contacts with each of them, it must be remembered that the basis of human ability to influence other people is the ability to deeply and comprehensively understand both in these people and in itself and , relying on these knowledge, develop with all participants in communication various forms cooperation. And moreover, our ability to understand the content, the scale and causes of explicit and hidden conflicts arising from us with those with whom we have to interact everyday, is the most important condition for the timely finding of effective ways to weaken or fully eliminate these conflicts. In this regard, it is possible to directly say that the immunity of the person to the impacts to which he undergoes from the person who communicates with him is usually evidenced by the one hundred last resorted to the methods of treatment that do not correspond to the personality characteristics of a person in relation to which they were used .

Evidence of psychological blindness and deafness to these peculiarities are the poverty and monotony of the ways of impact, to which representatives of a certain type of personality are resorted by entering into contacts with different people and with the same person in various situations, as well as a great opportunity for them to use these ways. For example, inherent in some educators, the habit of influencing students with the help of punishments and threats causes, as a rule, in the latter defensive reaction, requires significant energy costs to cope with fear and fears, and largely suppresses their intellectual-volitional activity, t .. causes the opposite result; On the other hand, the behavior of a person in communication, weakening and, even worse, relieving any self-control over his actions from other participants in communication, has, as a rule, a negative result for their behavior in the present and future.

Therefore, a person's creativity, aimed at enriching ways of behavior in communicating, should be subordinate not to the formation of the ability to manipulate people or, on the contrary, beless to adapt to their desires found in their behavior during communication, but aimed at mastering the ability to create psychological conditions , conducive to manifestation at the optimal level of intellectual-volitional and moral potential of these people.

Having mastered the methods of handling other people, striving for the fact that they gave birth to confidence in people, they needed to be able to remember that the degree of effectiveness to a large extent depends on their compliance with the personal features of a person using these methods in their communication with other people . Therefore, every person should strive to form for themselves (although it is not easy) the style of communication, most accumulating in itself the dignity of this person, when he has to act as an object and a subject of communication, at the same time takes into account the personal characteristics of those with whom he The benefit has to communicate. And the development of this style of communication will be more successful if we have enough courage and abilities to show constantly self-criticism in relation to yourself, in addition, the understanding that we can affect our handling of people, for example, to adapt To the expectations of others or rejoicing certain characteristics.

Hovering and organizing an appeal with other people, a person does it to achieve different purposes. And, as already mentioned, the psychological effect of his personality treatment in communication in some cases is truly such as he planned him, in others - it is only partially achieved, in third - it does not work at all. On the conditions that increase the degree of psychological effectiveness of circulation or, on the contrary, reduce it in communication, it was higher, now I would like to emphasize the following: that the appeal of one person with other people along with the solution of local tasks (labor, educational, gaming, household and other labor .) Optimally worked on positive development Personality, it should be from beginning to answer the principle of demanding to another person and respect for him.

If you keep in mind communication aimed at helping a person to move forward in his personal development, the task of helping him in this persons is, first of all, in the fact that with its impacts on it in the process of communication they have intensified its internal resources, So that he himself at a high moral level could successfully cope with the most vital problems.

communication interpersonal attitude

6 Psychological aspects of psychodigien professional activities

Psychohygien - Science of providing, preserving and maintaining human mental health (Lakosina N.D., Ushakov G.K., 1984). It is an integral part of a more general medical science about human health - hygiene. The specific feature of psychohygienic is and close connection Her with a clinical (medical) psychology, which V.N. Meatishchev (1969) is considered as a scientific basis of psychohygienic. In the system of psychological sciences proposed by the famous domestic psychologist K.K. Platonov (1972), psychohygien is included in medical psychology.

Elements of mental hygiene appeared in a person's life long before the systematic development of mental hygiene principles occurred. Above the need to maintain their own spiritual health and equilibrium in collaboration with the surrounding world, still antique thinkers thought. The value for the human psyche "good balanced life" emphasized the democritus, and epicurus called this "ataraque", the tranquility of the wise man. The philosophical worldview has almost always been associated with the search for methods of achieving harmony inner world man. Later, a factor stabilizing and in a certain way, the harmonizing mental, the inner life of a person was religion.

The very concept of "mental hygiene" originated in the XIX century, when American K. Birsc, being a long-term patient of the clinic, for mentally ill, wrote in 1908 the book "The Soul, which was found again." In it, he disassembled shortcomings in behavior and positions. medical workers In relation to the patient, and later, all its activities were aimed at improving the living conditions of mentally ill not only in the clinic, but outside the hospital walls. It should be noted, however, it should be noted that even to K. Birscu, a crucial step for this was made by Philip Pinel (1745-1826), who filmed on May 24, 1792 with 49 patients who were in a psychiatric hospital bisetr in Paris. In 1948, the World Mental Health Federation was created in London, which collects information about the state of mental health and develops the foundations and concepts of mental health.

Psychohygien is engaged in the study of the influence of the external environment for human mental health, allocates malicious factors in nature and society, in production, in everyday life, determines and organizes paths and ways to overcome adverse effects on the mental sphere. In practice, the achievements of psychohygien can be implemented by:

Creating for state and public institutions, scientifically based regulations and recommendations regulating the conditions for ensuring various types of social functioning of a person;

Transmission of psycho-generic knowledge and training in psycho-generic skills of medical workers, teachers, parents, etc. groups of population, which can significantly affect the psychogenic situation as a whole;

Sanitary and educational psycho-generic work among the wide segments of the population, bringing to the propaganda of the psychogenic knowledge of various public organizations.

There is a variety of systematics of sections of psychohygientes. In psychohygenic usually allocate personal (individual) and public (social) psychohygenic. In the system of psycho-generic knowledge, it is more often allocated separately to psychohygenic childhood, young people, mature age, psychohygenic of the elderly. In addition, they allocate mental and physical labor, psychohygenic life and family relationships. There are also many specific sections of psychohygienic labor - psychohygien engineering, sports, military, etc.

Psychohygin labor. Labor, activities are an organic need for a person and under favorable conditions - an important factor for maintaining and promoting health. A number of research shows that deprivation of employment, unemployment is accompanied by a deterioration in mental health and the participation of somatic ailments. We can not only strengthen mental health, develop the ability of healthy people, but also to treat mentally ill. Labor therapy is widely used in psychiatric clinics, where, as well as the healing effect, is strictly dosed in accordance with the severity of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Labor brings joy only if it corresponds to individual features Personality. The lack of certain qualities and abilities make it difficult and makes it impossible to perform a particular work. Provide this kind of compliance can be carefully carried out by labor selection, as a professional orientation of school students, youth, and special medical and psychological surveys upon admission to work.

It is very important to choose the right profession in accordance with the inclinations and human capabilities. Interest in work, the desire for improvement and to more and more mastering is satisfied with its specialty. Working does not like it, causing only negative emotions, disrupts well-being and can lead to neurosis.

Professional selection, identifying psychophysiological capabilities of the personality attached increasing importance, studies in this direction are quite promising. Today, techniques are proposed, with the help of which you can check the time of an arbitrary reaction and reaction involving the detailed decision-making, stability of attention, the ability to switch it and distribution, i.e., simultaneous concentration on two activities. These qualities are required for many modern professions. For example, the operator that controls the moving object must simultaneously monitor the testimony of instruments, changing the environment, control and so. Specific requirements are presented to pilots, astronauts, transport drivers, and even to pedestrians in large cities, if they do not want to become victims of street catastrophe. In this regard, publications on psychohygen appeared in relation to specific professions (Donskaya L.V., Lynchevsky E.E., 1979; Stetenko Yu.M, 1981, etc.). An increasingly developing specialization forms of labor activity led to the allocation of specific sections of psychohygienic labor - engineering, aviation, cosmic, etc.

The line between mental and physical labor in modern society tends to blur. However, the differences between mental and physical labor objectively exist, which allows you to talk about the relevant sections of psychohygiennes. M.S. Lebedinsky believes that the mental work should include "such a mental work that is conducted in a certain direction, according to a specific plan, to solve certain tasks, in order to obtain a certain result, which has something or other public importance." In this sense, the intellectual work includes a wide range of works from purely creative processes - discoveries and inventions - before compiling and performing reporting, etc. Therefore, it is advisable to supplement the above wording, stressing that the results of mental work are achieved due to intellectual efforts, and physical efforts, Which also have (for example, when writing, reading, etc.), the effectiveness of the energy spent is not determined.

When they talk about intelligence as synonym for thinking or level mental Development Human, usually mean a whole range of qualities: clarity, logicality, intelligence, depth, breadth, independence, criticality and flexibility of the mind. These quality of intelligence are interested in us at least in three aspects: professional personality consistency, the ability to rationally build their relationship with others, finally, the ability to reasonably spend yourself and at the same time disclose reserve capabilities.

With the wrong organization of mental labor and non-compliance with psychohygorical requirements, the state is often determined as "a sense of cerebral deficit". This term introduced into medical science and practice with an outstanding French clinician deceyrin (1849-1917), quite accurately reveals the state emotional tension In patients, asthenization, reducing the potential personality capabilities. This phenomenon has nothing to do with mental disorders, a decrease in criticism, amorphous thinking, crazy ideas, etc. Under it implies such reversible disorders as the depletion of active attention, "failures" of memory, fluctuations in the common mood background, noise, heaviness, ringing in the head, oppressed state, insecurity, decline in health, thought about professional insolvency, constant fear of imaginary insoluble ailment.

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Basic principles for building effective communication. Socio-psychological characteristics of the personality. Mechanism for building interpersonal relations. The concept of human values. The nature of conflicts and the ways to overcome them. Psychological barriers to communication.

Question 1. Can a person do without interpersonal relationships? Justify your position.

Against a person can not do without society, he needs to keep in touch with other people. The most striking manifestation of this connection is communication in the team.

Question 2. Fill in table "Interpersonal relationships". Mark the pluses those types of relationships in which you participate.

Relationship levels An example of relationship I am a member

Meet acquaintance with a new student +

Friendship Communication between people in interest +

Partnership mutual assistance at work, at school +

Friendship includes a partnership and friendship +

Which of them do you think the most important for a person? Why?

The most important are friendship and partnership. Friendship - Personal disinterested relationships between people based on love, trust, sincerity, mutual sympathies, common interests and hobbies. Mandatory signs of friendship are reciprocity, trust and patience.

Question 3. Everyone knows that there are people who cause sympathy from each of us (like), and there are those who cause antipathy (unpleasant). Write in the table feature character's character of a pretty and unpleasant, in your opinion, justify your choice.

Good features: responsiveness, tidiness, friendliness, mind.

Bad features: arrogant, trick, impermanence.

Question 4. Share Crossword. If all the answers are true, then you will be able to find in it all levels of interpersonal relationships.

Vertically:

1. Relationship. 2. Help. 3. Friendship. 4. Lie. 5. sympathy. 6. Communication. 7. Partnership.

Horizontally:

8. Acquaintance. 9. Sympathy. 10. Friendship. 11. Antipathy. 12. Trust.

Question 5. The following is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to interpersonal relationships.

Stress the term that "falls" from this list.

Reciprocity, partnership, mutual assistance, friendship, acquaintance, language of communication.

Question 6. Fill out a comparative table "Business and Personal Relations".

Similarities at the levels of relationship - acquaintance, friendship, partnership.

Differences in personal relationships people share each other information on interests, communicate on free topics, and in business relations they communicate about the work, production plans, use the business language.

Question 7. Below are examples of interpersonal relations of various levels; They were distributed in the corresponding table columns.

1. Taiiya has a neighbor Albina. They greet at the meeting.

2. Galina and Polina, meeting, exchange news.

3. Eugene and Matvey play in the same volleyball team.

4. Sidor and Alexander are always ready to come to each other on revenue.

5. Gleb and Fedor - Odnoklassniki.

6. Maria and Claudia are sitting at one desk.

7. Diana and Marina together go home after lessons.

8. Larisa and Artyom make lessons together.

9. Nina and Zina rested together in the summer camp.

10. Nikita and Plato exchange marks.

11. Julia and Yana are spent free time.

Acquaintance - 1, 9. Friendship - 6, 7, 10. Partnership - 2,3,5,8. Friendship - 4,11.

Question 8 *. Write a short story on one of the following topics:

3. The basis of interpersonal relations.

Communication is an interpersonal interaction process generated by the needs of interacting entities and aimed at meeting these needs. The purpose of communication is that, for what the living creature occurs this type of activity. In animals it may be, for example, a danger warning. The person has a lot more communication goals. And if animals in animals are commonly related to the satisfaction of biological needs, then in humans they are a means of satisfying many diverse needs: social, cultural, educational, creative, aesthetic, intellectual growth and moral development needs, etc.

Interpersonal relationships are the relationship of a person with him surrounding it: with one person or a group of people. The nature of interpersonal relationships may be: business (official) or personal (unofficial). Personal include dating, friendly, comrade, friendly and family relationships.

As a rule, interpersonal relations are based on reciprocity. It provides for the presence of mutual understanding between people (for example, the quality of sound depends on the mutual understanding of the musicians during the concert), interaction (consistency of action when performing different works, tasks, etc.), mutual permissions (the desire of people to make a favorable impression) .

The basis for any interpersonal relationships are feelings. Feelings are emotional experiences. Feelings can both bring together, and give people away from each other. Readiness for joint efforts and actions with an internal location to a person, its attractiveness in your eyes is called sympathy. No desire for cooperation, internal dissatisfaction with man, dissatisfaction with his behavior - antipathy. In some cases, interpersonal relationships are complicated by the presence of stereotypes. Stereotype is a well-established, generalized, often erroneous idea of \u200b\u200bsome features of people belonging to a particular group. For example, all football fans are hooligans.

Exist different types interpersonal relationships. The most common - dating. They may arise on the basis of both business (it is possible to know a person in cases) and personal relationships. Acquaintance can be superficial (to know a person in person, find out on the street). With mutual greeting, the presence of general topics for conversations about other people are already talking about both about "good acquaintances."

From this circle, subject to mutual thrust, sympathy, mutual desire to communicate can eventually appear and, accordingly, friendly relations. In the presence of business connections, a common goal, funds and results of a general activity arise between the relations of the partnership. More high level Relationship is friendly. Friendship characterize noble feelings, mutual understanding, frankness, trust, mutual assistance, loyalty, inner proximity. Distinctive features of real friendship are sincerity and selflessness.

Love is considered the highest form of interpersonal relationships. Give the definition of love is very difficult. It occurs only when there are noble feelings, dedication, willingness to do everything possible for the well-being of a loved one, responsibility for him.

19. Communication is the basis of interpersonal relations.
19.1. The concept of communication.
19.2. Contents of communication.
19.3. The purpose of communication.

Introduction

Currently, it is no longer necessary to prove that interpersonal communication is a completely necessary condition for the existence of people, which without it is impossible to fully form a single mental function or a mental process, nor the person in general.

1. Connecting communication

Communication is a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people (interpersonal communication) and groups (intergroup communication), generated by the needs of joint activities and includes at least three different processes (Fig. 1):

communication (information sharing),

interaction (action exchange)

social perception (perception and understanding of the partner).

Communicative interactive perceptive

side side

Fig.1 Communication structure

There are interpersonal and massive (intergroup) communication.

Mass communication is multiple, direct contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media.

Interpersonal is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs permanent participants. It implies the well-known psychological proximity of partners: Knowledge of individual features of each other, the presence of empathy, understanding, joint experience.

When analyzing intergroup communication, its social sense is revealed as a means of transmitting the forms of culture and social experience not only between simultaneously existing groups, but also during the historical process. In social psychology, much attention is paid to interpersonal communication, where the designated three parties act as the disclosure of the subjective world of one person in relation to another.

So, communicative side Communication involves the exchange of information between two individuals. The specificity of this process is that, in contrast to the information process in cybernetics, the orientation of partners on each other is crucial, that is, on installations, values, motives, each of them as an active entity. Therefore, there is no simple "movement" of information, but its clarification and enrichment. The essence of the communication process is not a simple mutual informing, but a joint comprehension of the subject, therefore, it is given in unity activities, communication and knowledge. Conducting communicative barriers generated by either social factors (political, social or religious differences between partners), or by the individual psychological peculiarities of communicating, in particular, were identified three types of communicator situations during the communicative process.

open - the communicator openly declares himself a supporter of an outlined point of view, evaluates various facts to confirm this point of view;

removed - the communicator holds underlined neutrally, compares contradictory points of view, not excluding the orientation on one of them, but not disclaimed openly;

closed - Communicator silent about his point of view, even resorts to special measures to hide it.

An important characteristic of the communicative process is the intention of its participants to influence each other, to affect the behavior of another, a prerequisite for which it is not easy to use a single language, but also the same understanding of the situation of communication. This is only possible when a person guiding information (communicator) and a person who accepts it (recipient) has a similar codification system and decoding information. Those. "Everyone must speak in one language." By itself, the information emanating from the communicator may be an entrusted (order, advice, request - is designed to stimulate any action) and stateing (message - takes place in various educational systems).

To transmit, any information must be appropriately encoded, i.e. It is possible only through the use of iconic systems.

The simplest division of communication is to verbal and non-verbal, using different iconic systems.

Verbal - uses human speech as such.

The verbal generalization is only a person and as a mandatory condition implies the learning of the language. It is the most universal means of communication, since when transferring information through a speech, the meaning of the message is lost. It is possible to designate the psychological components of verbal communication - "speaking" and "hearing" "speaking" first has a certain intention regarding the message, then he embodies it into the signs of signs. For the "listening" meaning of the received message is revealed simultaneously with decoding. According to its communicative opportunities, it is much richer than all kinds and forms of non-verbal communication, although in life it cannot replace it completely. Yes, and the self-development of verbal communication initially necessarily relies on non-verbal means of communication.

The non-verbal communion involves the use of sound speech, natural language as a means of communication. The non-verbal is communication with the help of facial expressions, gestures and pantomimics, through direct sensory or bodily contacts. These are tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images obtained from another person. Most of the non-verbal forms and means of communicating in humans are congenital and allow him to interact, seeking mutual understanding on the emotional and behavioral levels, not only with itself similar, but also with other living beings. Many of the highest animals, including most dogs, monkeys and dolphins, is given a ability to be non-verbal communication with each other and with a person

There are four groups of non-verbal means of communication:

Extra- and paralyingvistic (various near-eyed additives that give to communication a specific semantic color - type of speech, intonation, pause, laughter, dying, etc.) ParalyingVistical system is a system of vocalization, i.e. voice quality, its range, tonality, phrase and Logic strokes preferred by a specific person. The extralyinguistic system is the inclusion of pauses, other enclosures, for example, shaking, crying, laughter, finally, the speech rate itself. All these additions: increase semantically meaningful information, but not through additional speech inclusions, but by "near-eye" techniques.

Optical-kinetic (this is what a person "reads" at a distance - gestures, facial expressions, pantomimika) In general, the optical-kinetic system appears as a more or less clearly perceived property of a common motorbish of various parts of the body (hands, and then we have gesticulation; persons And then we have facial expressions; poses, and then we have a pantomime). The significance of the optical-kinetic system of signs in communications is so great that the special area of \u200b\u200bresearch has been distinguished - Kineyk, which specially deals with these problems. For example, in the studies of M. Argail, the frequency and power of gesticulation in different cultures were studied (for one hour, the Finns gestrated 1 time, Italians - 80, French - 120, Mexicans - 180).

Proxy is a special area dealing with the norms of the spatial and temporary organization of communication currently has a large experimental material. The founder of the proxecal E. Hall called it a "spatial psychology". Hall recorded the norms of approach to the partner for communication, characteristic of American culture

intimate (from 0 to 0.5 meters). It will communicate with people associated, as a rule, close confidential relations. Information is transmitted by a quiet and calm voice. Much is transmitted using gestures, views, facial expressions.

interpersonal (from 0.5 to 1.2 meters). It takes communication between friends.

official business or social (from 1.2 to 3.7 meters). Used for business communication, and the larger the distance between partners, the more officially their relationship is.

public (more than 3.7 meters). Characterized by the speech before the audience. With such communication, a person must follow the speech, for the correctness of the construction of phrases.

Visual contact. Visualine, or eye contact. Research in this area is closely related to generallyological developments in the field of visual perception - eye movement. In social and psychological studies, the frequency of sharing the views, the "duration" of them, the change of statics and the dynamics of the view, avoiding it, etc., like all non-verbal means, contact with eyes has the meaning of add-on to verbal communication, that is, reports readiness to support communication Or stop it, encourages the partner to continue the dialogue, finally contributes to discovering its "me", or, on the contrary, hide it. It has been established that usually communicating look into each other no more than 10 seconds

There are many techniques to increase the effectiveness of communication, overcoming communicative barriers. Communication barriers are already a purely psychological phenomenon that occurs during communication communicator and recipient. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of dislike, distrust of the communicator itself, which applies to the information transferred to them. Let's call some of them.

Reception "Name of Own" is based on the pronouncement of the partner's aloud person, with whom the employee communicates. This shows the attention to this person, contributes to the approval of a person as a person, causes him a sense of satisfaction and is accompanied by positive emotions, thereby forming an attraction, the location of the employee to the client or partner.

The reception of the "mirror of relationships" is a good smile and pleasant expression of the face, testifying that "I am your friend." And a friend is a supporter, defender. There is a sense of security with the client, which forms, positive emotions and freely or involuntarily forms an attraction.

Reception "Golden words" is to express compliments to a person who contribute to the effect of suggestion. Thus, there is a "absentee" satisfaction of the need for improvement, which also leads to the formation of positive emotions and causes the locality to the employee.

The reception "patient listener" follows from patient and careful listening to the client's problems. This leads to the satisfaction of one of the most important needs of any person - the need for self-affirmation. Its satisfaction, of course, leads to the formation of positive emotions and creates a trust location of the client.

Reception "Personal Life" is expressed in attracting attention to the "Hobby", wobbies of the client (partner), which also increases its verbal activity and is accompanied by positive emotions.

Interactive The communication side is the construction of a common interaction strategy and is disclosed in the methods of sharing actions, which means the need to harmonize the action of partners and the analysis of "deposits" of each participant. In transactional analysis (transactional analysis (TA) is the theory of human personality, social interaction and the psychotherapy system based on Eric Berne in 1955 (USA). At the heart of the transactional analysis lies the philosophical assumption that every person will be "in order" Then when he himself will keep his life in his own hands and will be responsible for it. Transaction is an action (action) aimed at another person. This is a unit of communication. The concept of E. Bern was created in response to the need to provide psychological assistance to people having problems in communication) marked conditions for the efficiency of interaction: coordination of the position involved in partners, situations and style of interaction adequate for each situation. The type of interaction between humans is of great importance: cooperation or. Competition and a special case of interaction - conflict. In domestic social psychology, the interactive side of communication is considered in the context of various forms of organizing joint activities, which makes it possible to take into account the meaningful nature of communication.

The general concept of communication, as the basis of interpersonal relations Considering the lifestyle of various higher animals and man, we notice that two sides are allocated: contacts with nature and contact with living beings. The first type of contacts is an accuracy. The second type of contacts is characterized by the fact that living beings, organism with the body, exchanging information, are interacting with each other parties. This type of intraspecific and interspecific contacts are called communication. The message is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level, it acquires the most advanced forms, becoming aware and mediated speech. The following aspects are allocated in communication: content, purpose and means. The content is information that in mertinevual contacts is transmitted from one living creature to another. One person can transfer other information about cash, counting on a potential participation in their satisfaction. Through communication from one living being, data on their emotional states (satisfaction, joy, anger, sadness, suffering, etc.) can be transferred, focused on setting another living creature to a certain way to contact. The same information is transmitted from person to person and serves as an interpersonal tuning agent. In relation to an angry or suffering person, we, for example, behave differently than in relation to the one who is tuned benevolently and is joy. The content of communication can be information on the state of the external environment transmitted from one living being to another, for example, signals about danger or the presence of somewhere nearby positive, biologically significant factors, say, write. Human Content Content is significantly wider than animals . People exchange each other with information representing the knowledge of the world, rich, prominently acquired experience, knowledge, ability, skills and skills. Human communication is multiplied, it is the most diverse in its inner content. The purpose of communication is that, for which a person has this type of activity. In animals, the purpose of communication may be the prompting of another living creature to certain actions, a warning that it is necessary to refrain from any action. Mother, for example, voice or movement warns the young on danger; Some animals in the herd can prevent others that they are perceived by vital signals. The number of human objectives increases. In addition to those listed above, the transfer and receipt of objective knowledge of the world, training and education, coordination of reasonable actions of people in their joint activities, establishing and clarifying personal and business relationships, much more. If animals have the purpose of communication usually do not go beyond the satisfaction of the actual biological needs, then in humans they are a means of meeting many diverse needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.

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