If you open any image in Photoshop, then it will automatically be placed on a single layer, which is usually called Background(or Background in the Russian version).

You can create a new layer by clicking on the icon, or with a combination Ctrl + Shift + N... A common operation when opening a photo is to create reserve copies of the main layer either through the right mouse button and "Duplicate Layer", or via the key combination Ctrl + J... Before you start editing the image, I advise you to create such a backup, as they say "for every fireman."

Here is an explanation for the panel Layers :

There are 2 important / frequently used menus: Blending mode and Transparency layer ( Opacity).

First option determines how the active (selected) layer will "blend" with the layer below it. By default, the mode is set to "Normal"- this means that the active layer will simply overlap all layers below, like a book page. V CS5 there is 27 different mixing modes, i.e. 27 different mathematical algorithms for "mixing" (or merging) the pixels of one layer with another.

More details about mixing modes you can read and.

Second option determine the transparency of the layer: 100% means layer not transparent... If you set it to 50%, then it will become 50% transparent (like tracing paper) and the bottom layer will start to see through it. The title picture was made according to this principle:

The mask photo was placed over the layer screenshot, the opacity was set to 50%, the layers were merged into one and the result was saved as a JPEG file.

But what if the transparency of the upper layer is needed 100% (more precisely, it will be 100% non-transparency), but only part of the image should go from the upper layer to the lower layer ... for example, only the mask itself, and you don't need the ribbon and balls?

Here are my 2 test images (by the way, my wife drew - acrylic, size 50x70cm)

Note: all the actions described below were not aimed at obtaining a "masterpiece", but were aimed at explaining the principle of work of layers and masks.

The easiest way to solve this problem is to choose Eraser and erase unnecessary elements from the top layer. I've done this before ... very convenient and simple.

this is how the two layers will look after opening (more details about opening multiple files as layers will be written below):

and this is what happens after work Eraser:

we can say that the result was not bad. Only this way has two(maybe more) fatty minus: if at the end of image processing you notice that you accidentally erased some element that should have gone to the bottom layer, or decide that the final result would look better with the balls, then it will not be easy to return this element (balls). Or you have to press the key combination Alt + Ctrl + Z(to go back one step) and watch when "appears" required element, or take the desired element with " backup", which I mentioned at the beginning of the article.

Attention: the number of steps you can go back is limited !!! The default is only about 20 steps (or so). And if the balls were erased 22 clicks back, then it will not work to return them in this way. The number of steps that you can go back is set in the menu Edit - Preferences - Performance - History States... It is not worth setting a very high value (my computer started to slow down and swear that there was not enough memory for Cache), but 100 - is fine.

The second disadvantage of this method is that it is "destructive"- part of the image will be irretrievably lost.

To avoid such "troubles" and work on "not destructible" principle, it is necessary to use "masks".

Select the top layer (click on it with the mouse) and click on the add mask icon.

The mask should be considered as a Black & White image (more precisely, a "grayscale" image).

What is the principle of the mask? If the mask is white, then it is considered transparent (i.e. the top layer will be visible). If it is black, then it is not transparent (the top layer will be hidden). Grayscale determines the transparency of the top layer.

Those. if you need to "remove" part of the image of the upper layer, then after adding a mask, select the main color black, a soft brush of a suitable size, brush transparency ( Opacity- from 20 to 100%), and, making sure that you are on the mask itself, and not on the original image (there will be a small frame around the mask), begin to "paint" with a brush on those areas that you do not need.

Here's what you should get as a result:

A small thumbnail of what you "painted" with a black brush will be displayed on the mask icon itself. To see the mask itself, you need to click on it with the key pressed Alt.

This will allow you to see what destinies need to be "finalized", which can be done directly on this Black and White image: paint over the missing areas with a black brush. When done, click on the mask icon with pressed Alt"ohm again and return to normal view.

If suddenly you decide that with red ribbon at the bottom the final version would look better, then right-click on the mask icon, select the option "Disable Layer Mask"(to temporarily disable the mask) (on the mask icon will appear red cross and the entire top layer will become visible), select the main color of the brush White, and with a white brush we begin to draw our ribbons at the bottom of the picture (making sure that you are on the mask, and not on the image).

When you finish drawing the ribbons with a white brush, click again on the mask icon with the right mouse button and select "Enable Layer Mask"... Here's what you should end up with:

Thus, with the help of masks, you can easily determine which part of the image of the active layer should "show up" on the bottom layer, which should "hide", and which should show up only slightly with a transparency of 20%, for example. For "transparency" you can use shades of gray, or use black color but install Opacity tassels on 20-30% - I usually do this.

Black brush with transparency in 20% will give a slightly gray result. If you brush over the same area again, the gray color will darken (which will make this area less visible on the lower layer). Repeatedly drawing with such a brush over the same area will end up with a completely black color. The reduced "density" of the brush is very good for using on the borders for smoother merging of layers. The same applies to painting with white on the black area of ​​the mask - with a reduced brush density, the black color will lighten gradually.

If you are processing a large image and decide to continue processing later, then save all layers and masks in one PSD or Tiff file. If you have finished processing, then visible result can be saved in format Jpeg for publishing on the Internet, but layers and masks in this format will not be saved.

Personally, I save some images along with layers in the format Tiff, if I know that maybe a little later I will return to editing (when there are many layers and complex masks). There is one drawback in this situation - the file size Tiff directly depends on the number of layers. Some files may be more 100 MB(!!!) in size (despite the fact that RAW the files from my 18 megapixel camera are 20-25 MB).

If you are sure that the file processing is finished and you no longer need the layers, you can merge all the layers into one using the command " Flatten Image"from the menu Layers, save either as Lossless TIFF and then Tiff can be saved as Jpeg with quality 9-10 , or save immediately as Jpeg... But if later you need to make some small changes / retouching in the file, then do everything with Tiff"ohm and then save it again as Jpeg, since multiple storage of the same Jpeg the halyard will lead to a loss of its quality.

This is where I would like to end Part One.

Part 2: Practical

Nothing reinforces theory as well as practice !!! I propose to consolidate a little what I read in the first part with a small practical lesson.

Task: there are 3 images of the same place in different times of the year - summer, autumn and deputy.

It is necessary to combine all three seasons in one final image and get something like this:

Save the sources in a separate thread.

In the beginning, I promised to tell you how to open several files at once in the form of layers. If you work in LightRoom"e and want to open several images from there in the form of layers, then, having selected the necessary files, go to the menu Photo - Edit In - Open as Layers in Photoshop... But now we need to get 3 files on three layers not from LightRoom "a. There are at least two ways:
First:
1) open the first file in Photoshop.
2) open the second file. It will open in a separate window. Click on Ctrl + A and then Ctrl + C(select everything and copy to the clipboard), go to the first file window and press Ctrl + V(paste from clipboard). The second image will be added as a new layer.
3) open the third file and repeat step 2.
4) As a result, your first file will contain 3 layers with 3 images.

Second:
1) Open the menu File - Scripts - Load Files into Stack ...
2) Select files, if necessary, you can check the automatic image alignment checkbox (very useful if you open an image for HDR processing ... but in our case nothing needs to be aligned)
... all ... all 3 files will be immediately opened in one window as layers. Simple isn't it

Add transparent ( white) masks by clicking on the desired layer to select it and clicking on the icon adding a mask

Note: sometimes it is necessary to take only a small part from the top layer, so it is easier to immediately create an opaque ( black) mask by clicking on the add mask icon with the pressed key Alt.

Click on the mask of the upper layer (a frame will appear around the mask icon as an indication that the mask is active and all your actions will be carried out on it, and not on the image itself).

To ensure a smooth transition from one layer to another, you can use a gradient fill by choosing White as the "starting" color and black as "final". Click with the mouse at about the place where the line in the lower screenshot begins and drag the mouse horizontally to the right a couple of centimeters.

Gradient fill will provide a smooth transition from one layer to another.

After filling, you will immediately see that only a small part of the first layer remains, which smoothly passed into the second layer. Next, go to mask the second layer and do the gradient fill in the same way.

As a result, you should get something like this:

The result is not bad, but you can try to improve it with a soft brush drawing white color what you want show or black what you want hide... After a few minutes, my masks looked like this:

Which ultimately gave the following result

As I said, all layers and masks can be saved in Tiff or PSD file, or, if you are definitely not going to return to editing, then you can combine all layers into one command Layers - Flatten Image and save the end result as Jpeg.

Part 3: Adjustment Layers

I wanted to finish my own " small overview ", but I remembered that I forgot to tell you about adjustment layers.

Menu Image - Adjustments contains a large set of options for adjusting the image. Many of these options can be added as "adjustment layers"... To do this, you need to select the layer to which you are going to apply the correction and select the desired option from the list "Add an adjustment"... By hovering the mouse over the icon of any corrective function, you will see a pop-up hint with the name of the function, although in principle the icons themselves look quite understandable.

An adjustment layer will be added along with a transparent (white) mask, with which you can select only part of the image after correction. By themselves adjustment layers do not contain graphic elements, and are intended only for storing information, for example, about changes in curves, contrast, saturation, etc.

Unlike ordinary ones, an adjustment layer affects all visible layers (more precisely, their visible parts) located below it, and not just the current one. But the big plus of using an adjustment layer is that it doesn't actually change pixels until it's aligned with the layer below it (using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + E), which makes it possible to experiment with different effects.

Another benefit to using adjustment layers is the ability to apply the same adjustment settings to multiple images. Firstly, you can copy the adjustment layer into different images (this is done in the same way as in the case of a regular layer), and secondly, if the images are located on several layers of the same document, then place the adjustment layer above all of them. you will extend its effect to all these images (visible parts of them).

If you have several layers, then by clicking on the eye icon, you can turn off the visibility of this layer. But you can click on this icon with the key pressed Alt, which will turn off the visibility of all other layers except this one. Repeated Alt + Click will return everything as it was.

With one click you can hide / show straightaway multiple layers if by clicking on the "eye" of one layer, drag (without releasing the mouse button) over the "eyes" of the remaining layers.

You can use a mask "Drag and drop" from one layer to another in the same way as dragging files in Explorer from one folder to another according to the principle Drag & Drop.

If you need copy mask to another layer, then drag it from the source layer together with the pressed key Alt.

Part 5: Conclusion

Well, it seems like it turned out to describe the main points and I hope I did not tire you too much

Thanks to everyone who read to the end. I hope this article will help improve your photos and the process of working in Photoshop.

If you liked my article and you want to say "thank you", then click on the smiley:

Thank you once said

So far, I have considered only one kind of masks - this is a layer mask (Layer Mask). But masks are such a convenient and powerful tool that in Photoshop they are found everywhere and come in various types. Let's take a look at some of them.

Quick Mask

Quick Mask is used to represent the selection as a Mask for its refinement. The Quick Mask mode is enabled by pressing the Q key or a special button on the toolbar.

For example, after selecting an area, you want to make the selection softer (feathery). Turn on the Quick Mask (Q), blur with the filter Gaussian blur and go back to selection (Q). It will now be soft. Also, using the Quick Mask, you can refine the selection by painting on the mask with a brush or any other tools.

By default, the Quick Mask appears as a red semi-transparent layer. Its appearance can be changed by double-clicking on the button Quick mask on the toolbar.

Vector Mask

In addition to the usual (raster, which means consisting of pixels) layer mask, you can add Vector Mask... To do this, press the Add Layer Mask button again, and a second will appear next to the first mask thumbnail.

It is also activated by a simple click, after which you can draw a vector mask using the Pen tools or simple shapes: Rectangle, Ellipse and others.

Clipping Mask

The next type of masks that I actively use is - Clipping Mask

Clipping Mask sets the transparency of the layer to the mask of the previous one. In other words, it kind of copies one layer mask into two or more.

Let's take an example from the third part: a landscape with horses, in which we created a Curves adjustment layer to increase the contrast in the sky and limited it with a mask.

Add saturation to the colors in the sky. To do this, create a Vibrance adjustment layer on top and move the Vibration slider to +45.

Now, to limit the effect of this layer only to the sky, we can copy the mask from the previous Curves layer or add to this layer Clipping Mask by linking it this way to the Curves layer. To do this, you can select the "Add Clipping Mask" command from the Layer menu. But it's easier to press Alt and place the cursor between the layers you want to link. When it looks like a downward curved arrow with a square - click, thereby adding a Clipping Mask.

This will add an arrow to the top layer pointing to the bottom one, which means that this layer is linked to the bottom one by Clipping Mask. Any number of layers can be grouped in this way.

For example, if we want to further change the shade of the sky, we can add another Adjustment Layer - Color Balance and to it, also apply a Clipping Mask. All three layers will use the mask of the bottommost Curves layer.

Removing the Clipping Mask is just as easy. Place the cursor between the layers again, press Alt and click - the clipping mask will disappear.

Alternatively, you can simply copy the mask from the first Curves layer to the Adjustment Layers you added. This is very easy to do. It is enough to drag the mask from one layer to another while holding Alt.

The difference between these approaches is that in the first case (regular + Clipping Masks), we can edit one mask, and the result will be immediately displayed for all three adjustment layers.

In the second case, when we just copied the mask, after editing it, we will have to copy it again to all layers.

The first approach is most often convenient when we have one mask for multiple layers (use Clipping Masks). But sometimes the masks need to be slightly different. Then it is convenient to copy the original mask and modify it individually for a layer.

Here's another example of how Clipping Mask works. If we have two layers: the first is a blue square, the second is a green circle.

Then, by combining them with a Clipping Mask, we get the following result:

Green circle, uses the transparency of the bottom layer (square) as its mask!

Here's another way to combine Masks and Layers. Some of you already know that Photoshop allows you to group layers using folders. Select the layers that you want to place in the folder and, holding Shift, press the button to create a group. This will create a folder and put the selected layers into it.

You can also apply a mask to this folder, which will act (mask) all layers nested in it. In fact, this construction is absolutely identical to the first approach: a layer with a mask plus Clipping Masks attached to this layer.

In both of these cases, the content of the linked layers is calculated first, and then a mask is applied to them once. If the mask is semi-transparent, the result will be different than when it is copied to each layer. Indeed, in this case, the masks will be applied sequentially.

Outcomes

So what do we have? We can transfer the Mask from one layer to another (or to a group of layers) by simply dragging and dropping. We can copy the Mask from one layer to another using Alt + drag. Merge multiple layers under one Mask using folders and Clipping Masks. If you are a little confused, then don't worry, a little more practice and you will quickly get up to speed.

user1676691

How to copy a vector mask to another layer in Photoshop CS6?

I am trying to follow a set of instructions and am trying to copy and paste a vector mask into a gradient layer. For some reason, when I just do cmd c and cmd v for the gradient layer, nothing happens.

Here are my instructions:

Method 1: overlaying a color onto a gradient layer

1. Create a gradient layer. Choose light gray and dark gray for the stop color. You can customize it later.
2. Create a vector button mask
3. Copy the vector mask and paste it into the gradient layer (Select the vector mask> Control + C> Select the gradient layer> Control + V)
4. Click Layer> Vector Mask> Current Path.
5. Go to Blending Options and apply Color Blending in Color blending mode.
6. Now you can try colors just by changing that color.

Answers

Mark Edwards

The situation has changed slightly in Photoshop CS6 from CS5.

To move command and drag the layer thumbnail from one layer to another.

To copy vector mask from layer to another, hold command-option and drag the layer thumbnail from one layer to another.

The same method works with groups, so you can move or copy the vector mask to and from groups.

If you want to copy only part of the vector mask, you will have to edit or copy the paths themselves using the path selection tool or the direct selection tool.

Also note that although the thumbnails in CS6 look very different from CS5, where a color swatch appears to the left of the mask, they behave very similarly. CS6 just has a different thumbnail preview and a few keyboard shortcuts.

Online tutorial for beginners

Photoshop lessons

Chapter # 14. Learn more about layers

Move mask and layer separately in Photoshop

By default in Photoshop, the layer and its mask move together. Follow the instructions below to move the pixels of a layer or mask independently of each other.

1. On the palette Layers(Layers), which is located between the layer thumbnails and the layer mask (Fig. 14.58). The link icon will disappear.
2. Click on the layer mask thumbnail.
3. Activate the tool Move(Move) by pressing the key V.
4. Drag the layer mask in the image window.
5. Click again between the layer and mask thumbnails to link them again.

Rice. 14.58. Layer with a mask on the palette Layers

Duplicate layer mask

1. Select the layer you want the duplicate mask to appear on.
2. From another layer, drag the layer mask thumbnail you want to copy onto the button Add a mask(Add mask) located at the bottom of the palette Layers(Layers).

If you want the visible and hidden areas to swap places in the duplicate mask, press the key Alt and drag the mask thumbnail onto the button Add a mask(Add mask).

© 2014 site

Layers are the foundation of Photoshop. Any serious image manipulation, as a rule, involves the use of layers and masks. Without understanding the concept of a layered image, you simply cannot really do editing your photos in Adobe Photoshop, and if you can, then this process will be painful and unnatural.

What are layers?

You can think of layers in Adobe Photoshop as sheets of transparencies stacked on top of each other. An image can be applied to each of the sheets, so that the images lying on top overlap the images below them. The areas of sheets that are free from images remain transparent and the underlying layers are visible through them. In general, if you look at the stack from above, you get a kind of single complex image, composed of complementary overlapping elements of separate layers.

Layers are needed so that several images can be compiled into one, as well as in order to be able to edit each layer in a multi-layer image independently of other layers.

Working in Photoshop, we repeatedly create new layers, glue existing ones, duplicate, move, change the order of the layers and their transparency, in a word, we do everything with the layers that may be required when editing a photo.

Obviously, any file opened or created in Adobe Photoshop contains at least one layer. Usually this layer is called Background, i.e. background or background.

Technically, many actions in Adobe Photoshop can be performed directly with the Background layer without resorting to the help of additional layers, but even in such situations I still prefer to create a copy of the main layer and work with the copy, keeping the source intact, and only if the result is completely mine. satisfied, I allow myself to merge the layers together. This approach is more convenient and safer. And why, in fact, turn Photoshop into Paint?

Layers palette

The Layers palette is usually located at the bottom left. If you don't see it, press F7.

Let's consider the main elements of the layers palette.

Each layer has a small colored icon. The name of the layer is written to the right of it. By default, new layers are given standard names (Layer 1, Layer 2, etc.), but you can always rename them to your liking by double-clicking on the layer name.

There can be a black and white icon next to the colored layer thumbnail. layer masks, which is responsible for which parts of this layer should be shown and which ones should be hidden. If there is no layer mask, then the layer is fully visible. A layer mask is the most important tool when working with layers, so we will come back to this question later and talk about masks.

To the left of the layer icon is an eye icon, symbolizing layer visibility... Click on it - the eye disappears and the layer becomes invisible.

To make a layer active, just click on it with the mouse. To select multiple layers, use the Ctrl / Cmd or Shift keys.

To create a copy of the active layer, press Ctrl / Cmd + J. To merge the selected layers, press Ctrl / Cmd + E. If only one layer is selected, then it will be merged with the underlying layer. Ctrl / Cmd + Shift + E merges all currently visible layers. To merge all the layers of the document together, go to the Layers menu and select Flatten Image.

Layers can be dragged with the mouse and thus change their relative position. The keyboard shortcuts Ctrl / Cmd +] and Ctrl / Cmd + [move the active layer one position up or down, respectively.

The following settings are located at the top of the layers palette:

Layer filtering allows you to display in the palette only those layers that meet certain criteria, and hide all others. You can filter layers by type, name, style, etc.

By using Lock layer you can partially or completely prohibit editing of a specific layer.

To the right are the settings windows Opacity and Fill responsible for the degree layer opacity... The default values ​​are 100%, i.e. the layer is completely opaque and visible in all its glory. 50% will mean that the layer is half transparent and the lower layers are visible through it. At 0%, the layer becomes completely transparent and invisible. There is only one difference between Opacity and Fill: Opacity adjusts the opacity of the layer along with all the styles and special effects applied to it, while Fill acts only on the pixels of the layer itself, without affecting the styles.

The Background layer differs from other layers in that its opacity is always 100% and is not adjustable. In addition, Background is permanently protected from movement. The Blending Mode for Background is always Normal, since there are no other layers below it and it simply has nothing to overlap.

There are seven buttons at the bottom of the Layers palette:

Link layers... Links (but does not merge) the selected layers. Linked layers remain separate layers, but when you try to move them, they move as a whole.

Add a layer style... Allows you to apply various special effects to the layer, such as: shadow, glow, outline, etc. Styles are rarely used when processing photographs and are mainly used in graphic design.

Add layer mask... Adds a mask to the selected layer. Default mask white, i.e. the contents of the layer are fully visible. See below for more details on masks.

Create new fill or adjustment layer... Creates an adjustment or fill layer for non-destructive editing. See below for more on adjustment layers.

Create new group(Create a new group)... Creates a new empty group. To combine existing layers into a group, select them and press Ctrl / Cmd + G. To disband the group, press Ctrl / Cmd + Shift + G. Groups are useful when a document contains many layers and there is a need to arrange them somewhat. In addition, masks and styles applied to a group will automatically affect all the layers included in the group. The rest of the groups are like linking layers.

Create a new layer... Creates a new layer. You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl / Cmd + Shift + N. The new layer does not contain any image and is therefore invisible.

Delete layer... Deletes the active layer. You can use the Del button.

Why are masks needed?

A layer mask is needed in order to selectively and reversibly hide from view (in other words, mask) part of the pixels of the layer. For example, when working in the HDR technique, I use several photos of the same scene, taken with different exposures, then insert them into one file as separate layers, and use masks to indicate which elements of each of the images should be present in the final image.

The mask is a black and white image the same size as any layer. The mask color encodes the transparency of the layer. White color means normal visibility of the layer, black color means its absolute transparency. Different shades of gray correspond to different degrees of transparency - the darker, the more transparent. Thus, if the mask contains areas of white color, the corresponding areas of the layer retain their original density, and where the mask is colored black, the image will become invisible, and the underlying layer will shine through it. The areas marked in gray on the mask will be only partially transparent.

To see the entire mask, just hold down Alt / Option and click on the mask icon.

The mask created using the Add Layer Mask command is filled with white, ie. leaves the layer completely visible. If you click on the mask icon and press Ctrl / Cmd + I, the mask will be inverted and painted black. In this case, the layer will completely disappear from view, i.e. will be disguised.

If you want to hide some part of the active layer, create white mask, select it by clicking on it with the mouse, take a black brush and paint over the areas you don't like - they will disappear, as if you had used an eraser. However, unlike the eraser, which really erases part of the layer, the mask does not destroy the layer itself, but simply hides it. At any time, you can take a white brush and restore any part of the image. This approach is called non-destructive (non-destructive) editing.

It is often necessary to apply some kind of effect to only a small part of the image. In such cases, I duplicate the working layer (or create an adjustment layer), modify it in the way I want (for example, increase the contrast, sharpen, shade or lighten the image), and then hide this layer with a solid black mask and then with a white brush I apply the effect where necessary.

Of course, editing masks is not limited to just painting on them with a brush. You can use any tool you like. Very often you have to resort to, for example, a gradient fill, or create a mask based on an area selected according to the principle of a color or brightness range. Sometimes one of the color channels serves as a template for the mask. In a word, there are countless ways to create masks, and I will not even try to list them all. Just keep in mind that if you wish, you can create masks of very complex shapes, if required by your artistic tasks. There are even special plugins for Photoshop (for example, MASK PANEL) that partially automate the creation and editing of complex masks.

Adjustment layers are needed for non-destructive image editing. Instead of applying curves, levels or some other tool directly to the layer, you create a custom adjustment layer and work with it. The adjustment layer itself does not contain any image, but is rather an instruction on how the program should modify the image underneath the adjustment layer. The advantage of this method is that you can repeatedly return to the adjustment layer and freely change its parameters without fear of ruining the image. The adjustment layer can be turned off, you can change the degree of its opacity, and if you wish, you can completely remove it without any consequences for the photo. It is also convenient to copy an adjustment layer and paste it into another document, thus applying the same settings to several photos at once.

Adding a new adjustment layer is carried out through the special Adjustments palette, or through the corresponding button in the Layers palette, or through the Layer> New Adjustment Layer menu.

Each adjustment layer is automatically provided with a mask to control the area of ​​effect of the adjustment layer. It is only natural that different areas of the photo being edited may require the intervention of different tools. With a few adjustment layers limited by masks, this is perfectly possible. Adjustment layer masks are no different from ordinary masks and can be edited using standard methods.

When you merge an adjustment layer with the underlying layers, the correction you make is rasterized, i.e. the changes are permanently transferred to the real image and become irreversible. In this regard, you should merge layers only when you are completely satisfied with the result and do not plan any further changes.

Thank you for the attention!

Vasily A.

Post scriptum

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