I already, but it was battery operated. And this toy does not even need batteries, as it is powered by light energy. Moreover, it requires very little energy.

I could not resist, and dismantled this product. I wanted to know how the independent movement of the petals and stem of the flower is organized.

(HD video 1280x720px).

Inside was a small printed circuit board with a microcircuit, filled with a compound and powered from a photocell through an electrolytic capacitor. This capacitor is a power filter, and given the long period of oscillation, and energy storage, in the period of time between pulses.

The output of the pulse generator is connected to an electromagnet, which is made in the form of a frameless coil. Looking at this coil, it is safe to say that this is the same coil that is used in electromechanical clocks or in quartz clocks with a decorative pendulum. True, those coils also have a feedback winding.

In this picture you can see how the pendulum system of the toy is arranged. Each of the elements of the flower has its own counterweight. In this case, the only magnet is built into the counterweight pos.1, balancing one of the leaves of the flower. The stem is connected to a counterweight pos.2, into which a small steel self-tapping screw pos.3 is screwed.

Counterweights balancing the leaves of the flower, pos.1 and pos.4 (in the photo above) are connected by a slider lever pos.3, which makes their movement symmetrical. All pendulums are based on axles. In this picture, these are pos.1 and pos.2.

Here, in fact, is the whole structure. If you have a faulty electromechanical clock lying around and a photocell from a faulty calculator, then you can try to construct something similar.

The factory "Spring" - at that time still the artel "Toy" - appeared in 1942. Since then, the production of toys has never stopped. The factory produces 1,200 different kinds of children's play products, of which about 500 are dolls. Production shops and sites are located in Kirov and beyond - in Slobodskoy, Lyangasovo and Batashy. The goods are sold through a dealer network in 70 regions of Russia, as well as to the CIS countries. Branches of the company are opened in Orel and Nizhny Novgorod. The Village visited the factory and found out what and how the dolls are made of.

Toy Factory "Spring"

One of the oldest manufacturers of children's toys in Russia

Location: Kirov

The number of employees: 530

Foundation date: 1942

The process of developing a new doll model before it appears on the store shelf takes about nine to ten months. According to the factory's business plan, there should be about a hundred such new products a year. Every day, the production produces about three thousand dolls. Models change every day, usually there are 30-50 types.

First, artists, fashion designers and designers develop the image of a new toy, make sketches of the appearance and accessories. Then the sculptor-former makes the shape of the future parts of the doll from plasticine - the head, arms, legs and torso. On their basis, a plaster mold is created, then a wax mold and, finally, a metal galvanic mold. It is she who is used for the next stage of production - rotational molding.

On the rotation section from the dispenser, the galvanic molds are filled with PVC-plastisol (polyvinyl chloride-plastisol) and hermetically sealed. Then the discs, complete with galvanic molds, are placed in a rotary oven, where they are rotated in three parallel planes and heated at the same time. This procedure does not allow the plastisol to sinter, but evenly distributes it along the walls of the mold. As a result, the substance "gelatinizes" - turns into a dense solid material. All furnaces are computerized, and, depending on the program and product, on average, galvanic molds are inside from 8 to 16 minutes at a temperature of 140–270 degrees. After that, in order to easily remove the semi-finished toys, they are cooled in a special chamber.

Details of plastic dolls - torso and legs - are made by extrusion blowing. In an extruder - a recycling machine - the plastic is melted and falls into the open mold of the torso or legs of the doll. After filling, its edges are closed, and compressed air is supplied inside, which accelerates the molten material through the mold cavity. The finished product is removed from the open mold and sent to the plastics processing area.

In this area, holes are drilled in the torsos of the dolls so that the doll can be assembled and inserted, if the doll is voiced, a sound device. All the texts spoken by the dolls undergo a psychological and pedagogical examination. The expert gives a conclusion that listening will not harm the child and will not cause aggressive actions, but, on the contrary, will develop the necessary skills. It also determines from what age a child can play with this doll. In addition, each toy has a certificate of conformity.

Next, the products go to the art site. Here, the designers give the workpiece the look of a doll. First, hair is sewn on to the toy on a special sewing machine. Before performing this procedure, the heads are heated in special heating drums at a temperature of about 65 degrees: when the plastisol is soft, it is easier to flash it. For hair use Italian nylon fiber. Straight hair of dolls is sewn immediately from the bobbins, and for wavy ones, steamed nylon is used, which comes from the manufacturer folded in rings.

After that, the designers make the dolls “make-up”: they blush their cheeks with an airbrush, paint eyebrows and lips with a brush. Then the semi-finished product goes to a specialist who inserts the eyes. Some of them are produced right there at the factory, but the main share is from a Spanish manufacturer.

The next stage of doll production is assembly. The factory produces soft stuffed dolls (the head, arms and legs are made of plastisol, the body is made of non-woven material and is filled with a hypoallergenic mixture of synthetic fiber and foam rubber) and plastic (the body and legs are made of plastic, the rest is made of plastisol). At the same stage, the dolls are dressed and combed. For each toy, fashion designers have developed their own clothes and hairstyle.

One of the popular doll models is Anastasia. She has 11 collections, including, for example, "Sport" (Anastasia is a figure skater), "Folk motives" (Anastasia is a Russian beauty) or "Professions" (Anastasia is a teacher).

The factory has several sewing shops for the production of clothes. One of them has a knitting area where knitwear is made for dolls. For each doll, there are usually several outfits - the one in which it is sold, and additional ones that can be purchased separately. Dressing up toys has a positive effect on children's fine motor skills. Self-adhesive Velcro is most often used as fasteners so that a child of any age can handle them.

And, finally, the final stage - the dolls are packed in boxes, which are put into corrugated boxes. In this form, toys are sent to the warehouse, and then end up on store shelves.

Photo: Evgeny Ananiev

Toys with motors- toys equipped with engines of various types. Engines (winding mechanisms) increase the playing properties and amusingness of toys.

The main types of motors for toys are: 1) rubber motors, 2) spring-loaded clockwork, and 3) electric.

Engines such as steam, water, wind and jet engines are very rarely used in toys. Some distribution was received by internal combustion engines in the form of small engines for aircraft models.

Aircraft rubber motor

Rubber motors found wide application in flying models of aircraft, as well as in some of the simplest transport toys. They are a tape or bundle of thin rubber threads that work in twisting or stretching and acting directly on the drive screw or wheels of the toy without any transmission mechanism. The advantages of such an engine are the simplicity of the device and sufficient power with little weight. Its disadvantages are: short-term operation, uneven rotation, the need for long-term twisting to start, rubber aging, which causes the loss of its elastic properties.

Spring motor

Spring motors, otherwise called winding mechanisms, have been very widely used in toys due to the relative simplicity of design, the availability of mass production (stamping and machining on machine tools), small size with sufficiently high power, the ability to adjust speed over a fairly wide range and the ability to change the direction of rotation. The disadvantages of winding mechanisms are frequent breaks in springs, relatively rapid wear of gear teeth. Spring motors are used not only for metal, but also for wooden and plastic toys. Along with them, clockwork engines are also produced, the parts of which are entirely or partially made of plastic.

The figure above shows the circuit diagram of the device spring motor characteristic of most clockwork toys. The tape steel spring 1 coiled into a spiral is fixed with the outer end to the mechanism case, and with the inner end - for the roller 3, called the winding axle. When winding with key 2, the spring is tightly wound on the roller, i.e. it starts up. The wound spring, due to its elasticity, tends to return to its original position, that is, to turn around. Since the outer end of the spring is fixedly fixed, then under the influence of the unfolding spring, the winding axle will begin to rotate, dragging the main gear wheel 4 with it. From this wheel, rotation is transmitted to the working axis 10 through a series of intermediate gear wheels 5, 6, 7, called the transmission. The gearbox is necessary to give the desired number of revolutions to the working axis, on which the driving wheels of the toy are mounted. In order for the mechanism to work smoothly and evenly, a speed controller of one type or another is used, which receives rotation from the additional gears of the gearbox 8, 9. Most of all, in spring engines, the simplest eccentric type controller with an unbalanced load 11 is used. Its work consists in the fact that with an increase in the number of revolutions of the axis of the regulator 12, the centrifugal force increases, from this the friction of the axis against the bearing increases and a smoothly increasing braking torque is created. If there were no regulator, the spring would unfold very quickly, the mechanism would work for a very short time, and the teeth of the gears would wear out prematurely due to the rapid rotation. A lot of toys were produced with engines, the mechanism of which did not have a speed regulator, the weight of the toy itself played a certain role of the regulator: the heavier the toy, the more calmly and smoothly it moved. But still, mechanisms without regulators cannot be considered perfect.

Sperrad with axial ratchet

An uncoupling device, the so-called sperrad, which disconnects the mainspring from the mechanism when wound with a key. There are many designs of spurrads, but the two methods that have been most used in toys are indicated in the two figures below. The first type with an axial action ratchet has the following device. On the winding axle is an unrelated gear wheel with a number of small concentric holes. A springy plate is tightly attached to the axis - a ratchet, the curved ends of which enter these holes. When the axle is wound (turned) with a key, the spring is wound around it, the ratchet slips through the holes of the gear wheel and it does not rotate. When the spring unfolds, the winding axle will begin to rotate in the direction opposite to the direction of the winding, the ends of the ratchet will enter the holes of the gear wheel, causing it to rotate.

Uncoupler with axle

Another way to disengage the spring from the mechanism is shown in the figure above and is based on the use of a "floating" idler axle. This axis rests with its elongated end in a conventional bearing, and with its opposite end in an elongated hole (slot). When winding, the gear wheel entrains the intermediate small gear with its teeth, while the large gear associated with it and the axle rise up and are disconnected from the mechanism. When the spring begins to unfold, the direction of rotation of the gear will change, with its teeth it will press the intermediate gear against the other wheel of the mechanism and the latter will start working. The advantage of this method is that the toy gets some free play, i.e. after the end of the winding, the toy can run some more distance by inertia. In this case, the mechanism does not have a braking effect due to the automatic switching off of the intermediate gear on the "floating" axle. The mainspring and gear wheels are placed between two metal walls called plates, the role of bearings in them is performed by holes without any bushings. On plates, there is usually a stopper lever to stop the mechanism and start it, as well as a bracket or a special wall to limit the deployment of the spring.

Wire spring movement

In clockwork mechanisms, in addition to belt-type springs, they are also used steel wire springs. These springs are easy to make and less prone to breakage, but they take up a lot of space and require a lot of key turns to wind.

For design reasons, in waterfowl toys with engines, clockwork mechanisms are used with a change in the direction of rotation in the gearbox by 90 ° using crown gear 1 and small gear 2 associated with the propeller axis. Some mechanisms designed for various figurative toys (birds, frogs, beetles, etc.) have a device for converting rotational motion into translational.

Spring mechanism for waterfowl

The figure below shows jumping frog mechanism. Anchor ratchet wheel 1 is located on the working axis, connected to a bracket oscillating at two points - anchor 2. The anchor is made in one piece with the legs of a frog, which, at rest, are pulled at a certain angle from the body of the toy with the help of a tension spring 3. The spring counteracts the weight of the frog itself. mechanism and when the spring is untwisted from the action of the escape wheel on the bracket (paws), the entire body with the mechanism will vibrate vigorously, while the toy will make movements somewhat reminiscent of the movements of a frog. A similar oscillatory movement of the body is also present in the “pecking bird” toy, but unlike the frog, here, instead of an anchor device, a speed controller with an unbalanced load works. When the weight of the regulator rotates, the center of gravity of the toy changes and it makes an indefinite translational motion. In such figurative toys as the “walking elephant”, “playing clown”, etc., a system of levers and wings is attached to the plates of the mechanism, giving a characteristic movement to the arms or legs of the toy.

Jumping frog mechanism

In some transport toys (a locomotive, a car), mechanisms with a variable (reversible) stroke were installed, that is, the toy could change the direction of movement from front to rear. To change the course, a hand-operated or automatic device called a snaffle was used (figure below). On the lever 1 there is a small intermediate gear (pinion) 2, connected with the pinion 3 of the working axis. The working axis is also the axis of the lever itself. In the right position, pinion 2 engages with gear wheel 4 and gives the direction of rotation of the working axis counterclockwise. When the snaffle lever is moved to the left, pinion 2 disengages from wheel 4 and engages with another intermediate pin 5, while the direction of rotation of the working axis will change and will be performed clockwise.

Snaffle work

Roller changeover device

In a toy common in the past " road roller"Instead of a snaffle, a half-crown gear was used, which automatically changed the direction of rotation of the wheels of the toy (figure below). The semi-crown wheel 1 has teeth only in half of the circle and, slowly rotating always in one direction, it engages either with the left pinion 2 of the working axis, or with the right 3, so the working axis will rotate either to the left or to the right.

All clockwork mechanisms, as a rule, start up with a key. The keys are removable or integral with the winding axle. The latter, although they violate the external design of the toy, are convenient in that they cannot be lost.

Inertial springless mechanism

The springless inertial mechanism consists mainly of a gearbox with a number of gears from 2 to 4 (figure above). The main gear wheel 2 is located on the working axis 1, and the flywheel 3 and the transfer shaft 4 are on the last axis of the gearbox. If now the toy is placed on the floor, then due to the acquired inertia, the flywheel through the gear system will make the impellers of the toy rotate. Handling and maintenance of spring motors. Like all watch movements, spring motors require special handling and care. According to the current specifications, the clockwork mechanisms had to work smoothly, without jamming, and ensure the toy's run for a specified distance. But during storage and transportation, the toy could be damaged. Therefore, before selling clockwork toys, it was necessary to inspect and minor repairs, if necessary, to be made on the spot. An external inspection was to determine the quality of parts manufacturing, the availability of parts, the quality of the coating, the technical condition of the mechanism, the reliability and reliability of operation. In a well-made mechanism, all gears should rotate centricly, without beating and skew, the gearing should be smooth, without jamming. The levers, axles and walls of the plates should not have been bent or dented. The driving wheels of the toy must be mounted tightly on the axle, without distortions. All working parts of the mechanism were lubricated with light machine oil (bone or transformer). Subject to lubrication: the clockwork spring (between the coils), the points of rotation of the axles and gears. If for some reason the mechanism was not lubricated, it should have been lubricated with a long-nosed oiler in order to penetrate into hard-to-reach places in the mechanism. The coils of the loose spring were lubricated with a soft but strong brush so that the individual hairs of the brush did not remain on the details of the mechanism. External inspection was carried out in the following order: first of all, the mainspring was examined. If the spring is smooth, light-colored, free of stains and rust, it usually worked reliably. If the spring had corrosion shells, this was a sign that it would definitely break within a few key mills. If the corrosion was in the form of spots (light rust), then such a spring could serve for a relatively long time, but it could not be considered reliable.

After the spring, the gears were examined, mainly their teeth and the quality of the engagement with each other. If the gears did not have crumpled, “corroded” teeth or other mechanical defects, then it was possible to further check the operation of the mechanism by incompletely winding the key. After making sure that the mechanism is working properly, it was possible to give a full winding. It was not recommended to start the mechanism to failure, because the spring would receive overvoltage at the point of attachment to the axle and could burst. If the inspection revealed bruising of the teeth or poor fastening of the gears, the toy should have been sent for repair. To fix the bruises, the mechanism had to be disassembled, the wheels removed from the plates and carefully straightened on a steel plate using a copper or wooden hammer. When disassembling, it was necessary to keep in mind that the plates are connected using bent tongues (clamps), which easily break when bent. Therefore, it was necessary to unbend and bend the tongues with the help of a screwdriver and pliers, smoothly, without sudden efforts, after slightly chipping the place of the fold with a hammer to reduce the tension of the metal. In practice, the failure of the inner end of the spring from the winding axle was often encountered. If this end did not burst and retained a hole for fastening, then it was possible to connect the end of the spring with a pin or a special protrusion on the axle using pliers. The inner end could be bent with pliers so that a fairly tight loop was formed. Having slightly expanded this loop with a screwdriver, the spring was mounted on the axle so that a pin (protrusion) on the winding axle fell into the hole at the end of the spring.

Electric motor device for a toy

Electric motors for toys. The main type of such an engine was a collector-type DC-AC electric motor in one design or another. For safety reasons, the current supplying the electric motor must have a voltage of no more than 20 V according to international standards. Although the number of revolutions of the collector motors could be easily adjusted using a rheostat or switchable transformer taps, it was very significant (up to 5000 rpm) and therefore a gear reducer was required to connect the motor to the driving wheels of the toy.

The device of the electric motor is shown above. Motor housing 1, which is a stator, is a package of individual sheets of transformer steel, pulled together with rivets. The windings of an electromagnet 2 are placed on the stator. Rotor 3 of the same steel rotates inside the stator, also having a winding. On the axis of the rotor there is a collector 4 of separate plates isolated from each other, connected to the taps from the rotor winding. The number of rotor taps is equal to the number of collector plates and it happens in toys from 2 to 12. Carbon brushes 5 are pressed against the collector on both sides, electrically connected to the stator and the electrical network that feeds the motor. A pulley or gear 6 is placed at the end of the rotor axis to connect it with the toy mechanism. From the interaction of two magnetic fields - an alternating field formed by the stator, and a constant field of the rotor - the latter will come into rotation. The constant field of the rotor is formed by a direct (more precisely, pulsating) current obtained as a result of rectifying the alternating current by the collector. A step-down transformer is used to power the electric motor from the AC mains (for safety reasons, the use of autotransformers was prohibited).

Motorized waterfowl toys typically used small, low-power motors powered by a flashlight battery and operated without any transmission directly to the propeller shaft. Electricity was supplied to toys such as trams in three ways: 1) through two rails isolated from each other (with isolated wheel axles), 2) through external rails and a third internal rail, 3) from a contact overhead wire suspended on masts. In all cases, the current was taken by a movable sliding contact.

Handling and maintenance of electric motors. An external inspection checked the presence of contact in the supply chains, the condition of the gear wheels of the gearbox, and the ease of rotation of the rotor. Be sure to follow the rules of lubrication. If, when turned on in a transformer or battery, the motor did not rotate, it was first necessary to check for contact between the brushes and collector plates and, if necessary, sand the plates and brushes. If the latter did not touch the plates, then the springs should have been stretched so that they pressed the brushes more tightly against the collector. An open circuit could be checked on site by testing with a battery and a flashlight bulb. If the circuit was good, the light should have come on. If the break is external, then it was corrected by soldering with tin and rosin. Breaks inside the rotor or stator could only be fixed in a workshop. If the motor buzzed and warmed up when turned on, if the brushes sparked strongly, this meant that a partial short circuit of the turns had occurred inside the windings. With a full circuit, the transformer could hum strongly and heat up. In all these cases inspection and repair in workshops were required.

Inertial motor toys

Electric locomotive with electric motor

This toy is a peculiar in form, somewhat fantastic electric locomotive car, made of high-impact polystyrene in different colors. The lower part of the car is decorated with a bright red corrugated plastic lining. On the board of the toy there is an inscription "Artek-Eaglet". From the windows of the carriages, the favorite heroes of the guys look: Dunno, Samodelkin, Pinocchio, Petrushka, Little Red Riding Hood, Aibolit, etc. This miracle car is driven by a little cosmonaut.

Inside the body of the toy there is a microelectric motor, a sound device, a container for batteries. During the operation of the mechanism, the car moves, bypasses the obstacle and emits intermittent beeps, reproducing the sound of an electric locomotive. Toy dimensions (in mm): 393x80x113. The time of continuous operation of the microelectric motor from three elements of the "Mars" type is about three hours.

Price 10 rub. (approximately). In 1968, it was planned to release about 10 thousand of these toys.

The Expert Council of the All-Union Permanent Pavilion of the Best Samples of Consumer Goods considered the results of reviewing the quality of electromechanical toys and micromotors produced by domestic enterprises, and decided to expand their range and improve quality.

Toy rovers

Recently, more and more toys began to appear among children, the “heart” of which is a DC microelectric motor powered by a KBS battery or element 373. Many of them have light or sound effects. More than 30 enterprises are engaged in the production of such toys in our country.

Toys "Funny Cook", "Walking Penguin" and "Doctor Aibolit"

The Council noted that, along with toys of good quality, unfortunately, there are many outdated ones. It was proposed to discontinue production of 15 types of low quality toys, replacing them with new interesting models. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that there are no radio-controlled toys, construction kits, desktop railways, and highways. Microelectric motors have low power, low efficiency, which affects the quality of toys. The Council invited industrial enterprises to pay special attention to the production of high-quality electro-mechanical toys, reflecting the achievements of our country in the field of radio electronics, aircraft engineering, rocket science, astronautics, etc.

From New Products magazine, 1968

Nomination "First discoveries"

Hello, my name is Dima Podporinov. This is my brother Denis.(Denis puts out and turns on the toys in turn, directs their movement in a straight line).Tell me, please, what do these toys have in common? Indeed, all these toys can move, they are groovy.

Topic of our research:“The mystery of the black box, or why is the car driving?”

Our goal: find out which mechanism drives clockwork toys.

Tasks:

1. Perform an autopsy of one toy and examine the mechanism.
2. Understand how it works, highlight its properties.

Our hypotheses:I think that there is a spring inside the toy, it jumps and the toy jumps. And Denis thinks that there is a motor inside the toy. He sets it in motion.

Work plan:

• Consider what is inside the clockwork toy.
• Examine the parts of the motor, if there is one, to reveal their properties.

Dad helped us spin a broken clockwork toy. Inside was a black box with wheels. The wheels were plastic and with teeth, they clung to each other. Our dad said they were called gears. A stick passes through the box, called the axis. A key is attached to one end of it, which winds up the toy, and the other end was inside the box.

What is there inside? Dad pryed open the box with a knife, and a thin metal plate suddenly popped out. It turned out to be very long and was folded in the box. It was a spring. Its main property is that it can twist and take up very little space, and when it spins, it spins the axle for which it is attached, the axle turns the gears, the gears turn each other and the latter makes the wheels of the car move.

We have done research on the spring motor. It turned out that the more you compress the spring, the longer it will unwind, and, therefore, the toy will work longer. We have confirmed this statement experimentally. First, they marked on the floor the place where the machine started, took a ruler of 40 centimeters. Denis measured how many centimeters he compresses the spring, and I measured how far the car traveled. You can see our data in the table.

The car that we dismantled was no longer able to be assembled, because the spring jumped out. And dad gave it to us. We examined her. It turned out to be very elastic, springy. And my brother and I came up with such a game (Denis shows and exposes according to the text) We took a cardboard box, pasted multi-colored fields. They took two ordinary identical cars. And they began to run them with the help of a spring. Whoever hits the machine three times on the field that he announced in advance won.

Output:We found out that in clockwork toys, the role of a motor is performed by a spring engine. The spring, untwisting, makes the toy move. The more you twist the spring, the longer the toy will move.

Internet resources used:

• mintorgmuseum.ru
• smayli.ru - cars

Application: Presentation

Yo-yo is a toy that is a spool of thread. It would seem that there is nothing mysterious and unusual in it. However, with the help of it, many professionals get up just unimaginable tricks and spectacular tricks. And in the world there have long been competitions in possession of a yo-yo toy. What is it and how does it work? Find out in this video tutorial.

The very word "yo-yo" means "come back" or "come here". At its core, a coil that is tied to a thread is untwisted and then twisted. In the first case, a person influences its action, in the second - inertia, the laws of physics. In order to make a yo-yo with your own hands you will need:

• any two discs with rounded ends (what material they are made of does not matter);
• screw;
• bearing;
• dense thread.

As we can see, there are no special secrets here. Yo-yo consists of the simplest elements that you can even make yourself if you wish.

To understand how the yo-yo works, let's look at the action of another toy - a spinning top. When it spins, it doesn't fall or tilt. The simplest laws of physics apply here. The yo-yo principle is exactly the same. The coil rotates very quickly around its axis (screw).

To create a simple yo-yo, take a screw, put a rope on it and screw two discs to it with the rounded sides outward. Between them there should be a bearing.

Also, it is very important to twist the rope correctly. To do this, before twisting, make a small loop on your finger, and then wind the thread as usual.

The principle of yo-yo movement is very simple. Its return to the top is due to inertia, but you can continue to twist it by simply turning the toy over your hand. The video tutorial provides a lot of tips on how to use and play the yo-yo. Start small and you may soon become a pro at it.