Lesson topic: Clothing and requirements for it.

The purpose of the lesson:

Teaching methods

Lesson type: combined

MTO lesson

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Greetings;

Mark attendance;

2. Learning new material

Clothing is a product (several items) worn by a person and carrying utilitarian or aesthetic functions.

Depending on the purpose, clothing is divided into household and industrial.

Household clothing is designed to protect the human body in various household and social conditions.

Household clothing includes:

Casual wear;

Solemn;

Home;

Working;

Sports;

National dress is a reflection of the national culture and way of life of the people.

Work clothes are designed to be worn in a working environment in a variety of industries. It is subdivided into special and sanitary.

operational.

The assortment is products, united into independent groups according to certain criteria: by purpose and materials.

But in the way of operation, all types of clothing are divided into waist and shoulder. Shoulder products are held on the shoulders: dresses, blouses, robes, vests, etc. All belt products have a belt and are held at the waist, these are skirts, shorts, trousers, etc.

Clothing plays an important role in shaping the appearance of a person. You can talk about certain emotions that a particular costume evokes, about the nature of clothing - strict, restrained, dynamic, calm, majestic, simple, stern or cheerful.

Climatic and professional conditions for wearing clothes have their own requirements. For winter time, it is necessary to create such clothes in which the cooling of the human body would not occur. In the summer, in the heat, clothes should protect the body from overheating, maintain a certain humidity and carbon dioxide content. Requirements are imposed on professional clothing in accordance with the working conditions, for example, the clothing of a fisherman must have windproof and water-repellent properties, the clothing of a metallurgist must be fireproof, etc.

Clothing should be as strong, soft and lightweight as possible. A person's well-being is influenced by the weight of the clothes. Heavy clothes put pressure on the shoulders and cause fatigue. For example, weight winter clothes for an adult in the middle lane is 8-10 kg, Far north- 14-16 kg.

In the process of wearing, clothes are stressed and undergo various deformations. When a person moves, some areas of clothing are subjected to stretching, others - to compression, friction, wrinkling, bending, abrasion, and the effects of atmospheric precipitation. The endurance of products depends on the elastic properties of the fabrics.

Over time, the fabric wears out, abrades, its weight decreases and the product becomes unusable. The wear resistance of a tissue is understood as its resistance to various mechanical, physicochemical and biological influences. The wear resistance of the product depends on the conditions of its wearing, the properties of the fabric, the quality and type of processing. For example, for greater wear resistance in outerwear, a side pad is laid on the floors, in the low sleeves - a calico, in the pockets - lobules.

In the total cost of goods, the cost of basic and auxiliary materials is 85-90%. The cost-effectiveness of products largely depends on the time spent on their manufacture, the manufacturability of the design of the models and the consumption of material, which is determined by economical cutting - a rational layout of patterns. The more complex the contours of the parts, the more difficult it is to decompose them on tissue without loss, the greater the percentage of inter-pattern lunges.

5. Homework

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"Clothing and requirements for it."

Lesson topic: Clothing and requirements for it.

The purpose of the lesson:

Ensure that students master the knowledge of taking measurements to build a product drawing.

To acquaint with the requirements for clothing, fabrics, products, to reveal the peculiarities of the manufacture of Kazakh national clothes.

To practice the skills of taking measurements, teach how to determine the size of clothes, take into account the peculiarities of the physique, and correctly use a measuring tape.

To contribute to the development of a spatial representation of the lines mentally drawn on the figure of a person through reference points from memory.

Contribute to the education of attentiveness, responsibility in the performance of work, accuracy.

Teaching methods: descriptive; verbal; practical.

Lesson type: combined

MTO lesson: manuals and equipment, synopsis, internet resources

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Greetings;

Mark attendance;

Sounding out the topic and purpose of the lesson.

2. Learning new material

clothing is a product (several products) worn by a person and carrying utilitarian or aesthetic functions.

Depending on the purpose, clothes are divided into household and production.

Household clothing designed to protect the human body in various household and social conditions.

Household clothing includes:

casual wear;

solemn;

home;

• sports;

  national dress is a reflection of the national culture and way of life of the people.

Industrial clothing designed to be worn in production environments of various industries. It is subdivided into special and sanitary.

1. Special clothing is designed to protect a person from hazardous and harmful production factors.

2. Sanitary clothing is essential to protect a person from contamination.

Clothing protects a person from adverse climatic conditions or weather conditions. In addition, it should be comfortable, beautiful and comfortable.

Various requirements are imposed on clothing for different purposes during its design.

Elegance, simplicity and convenience - these are the requirements that modern fashion makes for clothes.

The main requirements are: aesthetic, hygienic, economic,

operational.

Clothing not only protects a person from adverse environmental influences, but also has social, psychological and aesthetic significance. The variety of functions of clothing has led to a variety of its assortment.

Range - these are products, united into independent groups according to certain criteria: by purpose and materials.

But in the way of operation, all types of clothing are divided into waist and shoulder. Shoulder products are held on the shoulders: dresses, blouses, robes, vests, etc. All waist products have a belt and are held at the waist, these are skirts, shorts, trousers, etc.

Aesthetic requirements for clothing

The aesthetic properties of products are determined by the concept of the beauty of a modern artistic style, they must meet modern standards of decoration and the laws of visual perception.

When creating models, fashion designers should strive to ensure that products figuratively reflect reality, meet the true needs of society, be distinguished by beauty, convenience, and completeness.

Clothing plays an important role in shaping the appearance of a person. You can talk about certain emotions that a particular costume evokes, about the nature of clothing - strict, restrained, dynamic, calm, majestic, simple, stern or cheerful.

When designing clothes, the transmission of various emotions, imagery of products is expressed through the composition, i.e., through the totality of the constituent parts of clothing (proportions of parts, silhouette, lines, texture, color and pattern of fabric, external decoration of products) necessary to express and embody the content invested into this or that model. In this case, one should take into account the size, physique, age and external data of a person.

Hygienic requirements for clothing

Hygienic requirements are imposed on clothing in order to ensure freedom of breathing and blood circulation. The hygiene of clothing is expressed in the necessary for certain conditions air permeability, hygroscopicity, optimal weight, sufficient heat-shielding properties, moisture and radiation resistance, etc. It is worth noting that it can be clothing for children or for adults. It is different.

An artificial microclimate is created between clothing and the human body due to the air gap, which is determined by temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide content. In order to create a favorable microclimate, clothes, depending on the purpose, must have the listed qualities.

The climatic and professional conditions for wearing clothes have their own requirements. For winter time, it is necessary to create such clothes in which there would be no cooling of the human body. In the summer, in the heat, clothing should protect the body from overheating, maintain a certain humidity and carbon dioxide content. Requirements are imposed on professional clothing in accordance with the working conditions, for example, the clothing of a fisherman must have windproof and water-repellent properties, the clothing of a metallurgist must be fireproof, etc.

Clothing should be as strong, soft and lightweight as possible. A person's well-being is influenced by the weight of the clothes. Heavy clothes put pressure on the shoulders and cause fatigue. For example, the weight of winter clothing for an adult in the middle lane is 8-10 kg, in the Far North - 14-16 kg.

In addition, clothing must provide freedom of movement and blood circulation, be non-wrinkled, easy to put on, take off, clean, wash, iron, etc. All hygiene requirements for clothing are achieved due to a specific design and choice of materials.

Clothing performance requirements

In the process of wearing, clothes are stressed and undergo various deformations. When a person moves, some areas of clothing are subjected to stretching, others - to compression, friction, wrinkling, bending, abrasion, and the effects of atmospheric precipitation. The endurance of products depends on the elastic properties of the fabrics.

Over time, the fabric wears out, abrades, its weight decreases and the product becomes unusable. The wear resistance of a fabric is understood as its resistance to various mechanical, physicochemical and biological influences. The wear resistance of the product depends on the conditions of its wear, the properties of the fabric, the quality and type of processing. For example, for greater wear resistance in outerwear, a side pad is laid on the floors, in the low sleeves - a calico, in the pockets - lobules.

Recently, in order to better preserve the original form of clothing and its physical and mechanical properties, chemical impregnations have begun to be used, used, for example, to strengthen the tissue in the area of ​​the elbows and knees in school uniform, to maintain the stability of folds, pleats, corrugation on the skirt.

Economic requirements for clothing

In the total cost of products, the cost of basic and auxiliary materials is 85-90%. The cost-effectiveness of products largely depends on the time spent on their manufacture, the manufacturability of the design of the models and the consumption of material, which is determined by economical cutting - a rational layout of patterns. The more complex the contours of the parts, the more difficult it is to decompose them on tissue without loss, the greater the percentage of inter-pattern lunges.

A great economic effect is provided by the unification of parts and assemblies of garments, which allows the use of the same parts for different models and types of clothing. By using standardized parts, the most advanced technology for processing products and the maximum use of perfect equipment is possible. This involves increasing labor productivity, expanding the range of manufactured products, as well as improving the quality and performance of clothing.

3. Practical group work

Make a crossword puzzle by new topic.

To guess the crossword puzzle of another group for assessment.

4. Securing new material

What new have you learned in today's lesson?

5. Homework

Describe your wardrobe by type of clothing

Question 6. How do you understand the expression "organoleptic properties of water"? Name them.

The organoleptic properties of water are those properties that can be identified and evaluated using the senses, these include: the degree of transparency, color (color), smell and taste. Drinkable water should be clear, colorless, odorless and have a pleasant, refreshing taste.

Question 7. Why is the state standard for assessing water quality developed?

The state standard for assessing water quality was developed to regulate the hygienic indicators of water in relation to the content of chemicals, microbes, as well as its taste.

Question 8. What requirements should a person's clothing meet?

The main function of a person's clothing is to protect the body from adverse external conditions and influences. From a hygienic point of view, clothing should correspond to the climatic conditions of the human environment, the nature of his work, have a loose fit that does not impede blood circulation and breathing, and be easily cleaned of dust and dirt. When choosing a material for making clothes, one must take into account the requirements of thermal conductivity, air permeability, hygroscopicity and water capacity. The best material for this are natural fabrics.

Certain hygienic requirements are also imposed on hats: they should be light, should not squeeze the head. Summer hats should be made of light, light and weakly heat-conducting materials with increased air permeability. The best hats for the cold season are made from natural fur.

It is preferable to have shoes made of genuine leather. It is not afraid of moisture, retains heat well, and provides sufficient ventilation for the foot. The cut of the shoe must fully take into account the anatomical and physiological features of the foot.

Question 9. What are the requirements for housing?

The hygienic requirements for the home take into account close connection between the conditions of a person's life and the state of his health. The premises should be sufficiently spacious and dry, well lit with direct and diffuse sunlight, ventilated, have a favorable microclimate and an unpolluted air environment.

The room temperature depends on the climatic conditions. In the northern regions, it should be within 20-21 ° С, in temperate latitudes - 18-19 ° С, in the hot zone - 17-18 ° С.

One of the elements of the microclimate of a dwelling is the relative humidity of the air. At an air temperature in the room of 18-20 ° C, it should be in the range of 40-60%.

Question 10. Tell us about the procedure for planning the territory when carrying out individual construction.

For individual construction, it is necessary to be guided by the established state sanitary norms and rules. On the territory chosen for construction, at least two zones should be provided: residential and economic and sports. Between these zones, it is necessary to provide a sufficient technological gap in which to place green spaces. All outbuildings must be at least 16 m from the residential building. The residential building should be located at the front of the territory, at a distance of 6-7 m from the street - this will allow to grow tall enough trees that protect from dust and noise.

Properly arranged water supply and sewerage systems are of great importance from a hygienic point of view, it is better if they are centralized. Where this is not possible, wells or artesian wells can be used for water supply. Their equipment must be agreed with the local authorities of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Control, and during the construction process and after its completion, a sanitary and hygienic analysis of water is carried out for its harmlessness and suitability for use.

Of all the hygienic problems of improving a country house, the most difficult is the problem of collecting, neutralizing and removing waste (garbage, food waste) and fecal waste. The optimal solution to the problem is the centralized removal of waste outside the territory to specially designated places. If this is not possible, then you need to equip an individual storage. For the disposal of fecal waste, it is advisable to use dry closets.

Characterization of industrial clothing requirements

The technical and economic requirements for clothing determine the degree of technical perfection of the design, design methods and technology of clothing, taking into account the costs of its production and operation.

These requirements can be characterized by three classes of indicators:

• · Standardization and unification;
• · Manufacturability of the design;
• · Efficiency of the design.

The requirements for standardization and unification of clothing design determine the degree of constructive and technological continuity of models. To assess the level of constructive continuity, single indicators (coefficients) of applicability (unification) and repeatability are used, and the level of technological continuity - indicators that determine the use of unified technology and standard technological processes at the enterprise.

Manufacturability requirements determine the degree of progressiveness of design and technology, the degree of mechanization and automation, labor intensity and material consumption of the product. The production manufacturability of the product design is manifested in the reduction of costs for design (KPP) and technological (TPP) preparation of production and manufacturing processes; operational - in reducing the cost of maintenance and repair of the product.

Economy requirements characterize material costs for design and technological preparation of production and industrial production of clothing, as well as consumer costs for its operation.

Fabric requirements for women's clothing

The assortment of materials for lightweight clothing is represented by fabrics, knitted fabrics and nonwovens made of cotton, wool, flax, artificial and synthetic fibers and their various combinations.

Requirements are made to dress fabrics depending on their purpose. Aesthetic requirements for fabrics for fancy dress in are basic. Finishing and color combinations of fabrics should correspond to the fashion trend. Elegant fabrics can be with a variety of woven effects, with a shimmering sheen. A variety of finishes can be used such as glazed, durable embossing, silky silver and silvery finishes with a leave-in finish, which greatly enrich and diversify the look of the fabric.

In terms of color fastness, dress fabrics must belong to a particularly durable group.

The hygienic requirements for fabrics for smart clothes are of lesser importance, therefore, their non-observance can be compensated for by choosing an appropriate model or design.

Technological requirements for fabrics also need to be considered. As a rule, materials for fancy dresses are often difficult to cut.

For dress fabrics of the highest quality category, the weight norms of 1 m2 are established - 200-260 g. The weight of 1 m2 of dress fabrics of the silk assortment should be in the range of 25-160 g. -70%) and the difficulty of cutting the fabric. In addition, increased rigidity and low drape requires the development of an appropriate product model. To reduce the cut, shedding and spreading of threads in fabrics and seams, it is necessary to select needles, sewing threads, seam design and frequency of stitches. Fabrics made from thermoplastic filaments require a special WTO regime. For improvement appearance silk dress fabrics, they must be subjected to stable embossing, polishing, poplin finishing, etc. Silk fabrics made from thermoplastic yarns should be produced creped and pleated; to reduce shrinkage and creasing, they should be stabilized. The least important fabric requirements for fancy dress are the economic requirements of wear resistance.

Depending on the purpose of the clothing, the conditions of its use, age, gender and social status the consumer has certain requirements for it. They can be classified into social, functional, ergonomic, aesthetic, reliability and safety.

social needs and the possibility of selling clothes.

Social need is assessed by indicators of social address and consumer class (type) of products. The indicator of social address and consumer class of clothing characterizes the correspondence of manufactured products to the structure of needs of a certain social group of consumers.

Depending on the orientation towards a certain group of consumers, a consumer class (type) is established. So, the consumer type of household clothing includes men's, women's, children's products, and among them are products that differ in model-constructive and dimensional characteristics.

The social address of clothing reflects the family, work and social status of a person. Clothing should correspond to a specific work and leisure environment, lifestyle, age, personality type, income level, cultural traditions. In the modern world, clothing is more utilitarian in nature, but its social significance does not decrease.

The feasibility of implementation is assessed according to the model's compliance with the optimal assortment, seasonality of demand, obsolescence and competitiveness. The main cause of obsolescence is changing needs.

Functional requirements provide for the suitability of clothing for its purpose and operating conditions. The requirements for winter clothing are different from the requirements for summer clothing.

The degree of satisfaction of functional requirements is influenced by several factors: the structure and properties of materials, model and design features of clothing (degree of fit, degree of closure of clothing, number of layers, etc.), various types of special processing (waterproof, shape-resistant, etc.). etc.), color, etc.

Aesthetic requirements presuppose the correspondence of clothes to the main directions of fashion, the prevailing style direction, the rationality of its form, the integrity of the composition, and the perfection of workmanship.

Sewing goods

With the help of clothes, a person forms his appearance, therefore, high requirements are imposed on the artistic design of clothes, and the creation of clothing models belongs to the field of arts and crafts.

Requirements to information expressiveness reflect the ability of clothing to be iconic, original, in line with fashion and style.

Under symbolism understand the reproduction in the form of products of various aesthetic ideas and ideas. The most iconic are items for children. Originality the product is characterized by the presence in the form of its aggregate features, which determine the differences (dissimilarity) from products of a similar purpose in materials, finishing details, the shape of pockets, collars. Clothing should correspond to the main trend of fashion in terms of silhouette, cut, style, materials used, construction, color, type of seams, etc.

Integrity of the composition characterizes the organic relationship of elements and form, the unity of parts and the whole. It manifests itself in the volumetric-spatial structure, tectonicity, plasticity, orderliness of graphic and pictorial elements, color and decorativeness.

Volume-spatial structure characterized by the relative position and sizes (volumes) of individual elements.

Tectonicity expressed in the relationship between the shape and design of the product with the properties of the material. Plastic the shape of the product is expressed in softness, fluidity, visual coherence, smooth transitions from one part of the shape to another.

The aesthetic perception of products is due to the originality of their external design, which is largely determined by the color and decorativeness of the material. Coloring characterized by a certain system of color tones, their combinations, relationships. Color is the most important means of emotional expressiveness of a product, a means of influencing the consumer. The coloration can be warm (mainly reds, yellows and oran-190

chewy tones) and cold (mostly blue, green and purple tones), calm and tense, bright and faded.

Decorativeness material is determined by its texture, texture, presence or absence of gloss, transparency, etc. For example, the texture of fabrics is determined by the type of yarn, its fibrous composition, twisting, etc.

Rationality of form characterizes the expressiveness of the form and design of the product and its compliance with their functional purpose. The form and design of clothing are rational, through which its purpose is maximally manifested.

Excellence in production performance and stability of presentation characterize the purity of the execution of constructive lines, the connection of parts, garments. The degree of compliance with these requirements is determined by the quality of sewing and finishing of clothing, the quality and accuracy of the marking.

Matching clothing ergonomic requirements contributes to the creation of comfortable conditions when wearing clothes, when putting them on, taking them off and taking care of them. Ergonomic requirements determine the compliance of clothing with anthropometric, hygienic, psychophysical and psychophysiological, as well as psychological characteristics person.

Anthropometric requirements are presented to the proportionality of clothing and anthropometric characteristics of a person. Clothing should correspond to the shape and size of the human body both in statics and dynamics. It should provide favorable conditions for breathing, blood circulation, performing various movements, and prevent fatigue. The design of the garment should provide for its ease of use.

Hygiene requirements provide comfortable living conditions for the human body. These are the requirements for the microclimate of the underwear space (temperature, humidity, gas composition, pollution, etc.), heat protection requirements, requirements for electrification, etc.

Regulation of the microclimate of clothing and the creation of comfortable conditions for a person are provided as appropriate

Sewing goods

properties of clothing materials, as well as its design and processing. At the same time, such indicators as dust capacity, air and dirt tightness, washable awn, hygroscopicity, thermal conductivity, electrification, etc. are assessed.

Psychophysical and psychophysiological properties characterize the correspondence of clothing to power, auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, tactile capabilities of a person. To meet these requirements, the indicators of the mass of the clothing, its rigidity and the magnitude of friction between the layers of the clothing package and the human skin are of great importance.

Satisfaction of psychophysical and psychophysiological requirements is especially important for children's clothing, sports and special products.

Psychological properties characterize the correspondence of the product to the skills, perception, thinking and memory of a person. Psychological requirements are met if the clothes are adapted to the peculiarities of the functioning of the human sense organs, his habits! For example, the location of the pockets is in concave areas near the center of gravity; the direction of the fastener that does not interfere with the performance of movements - from left to right in men's clothing and from right to left in women's; ease of fastening. This is due to the person's stable skills for such actions.

Requirements for the reliability of clothing. Clothing must perform its functions for a certain period of time, satisfying the requirements imposed on it. At the same time, its durability, preservation, maintainability and reliability must be ensured.

Compliance with clothing requirements durability allows you to preserve its consumer properties until destruction. The durability of a garment is determined by its durability, that is, its ability to withstand the effects of wear factors, which result in wear and tear.

Wear is caused by physical, chemical, biological and combined factors. The degree of influence of certain factors depends on the purpose and operating conditions of the clothing. For example, decisive influence on wear

outerwear have abrasion, the effect of repeated stretching and bending, insolation. The wear of linen products is largely due to the complex effect detergents and other factors of washing, ironing, as well as friction of linen against other layers of clothing.

The resistance of clothing to the action of wear factors depends on the properties of materials, product design and processing (quality of joining, molding and finishing operations). A decrease in the intensity of the use of clothes (use with breaks for "rest"), as well as systematic care of products (steaming, ironing) contribute to an increase in the durability of the clothes.

The wear of individual sections of clothing is uneven. In this regard, a distinction is made between general and local wear of clothing. The places of the most intense wear are the areas of the knee, elbow, trousers sitting, folds of the low sleeves, trousers, bottom of products, convex relief seams, etc. To increase the service life of the clothes, these areas are reinforced with a second layer of material (gussets, knee pads, etc.) (trousers low).

Persistence is determined by the conditions of storage and transportation. When storing clothes in conditions of high humidity, significant shrinkage of materials, a change in its size, damage by microorganisms can occur, and in case of unsatisfactory transportation conditions - distortion of the shape, mechanical damage.

Maintainability clothing depends on its design and processing methods. Clothing with a large number of cut-off parts of complex shapes is more difficult to reshape and alter than clothing of simple shapes with small amount details. Products with glue and welded joints of parts and assemblies cannot be turned and altered due to the high strength of the joints, the impossibility of removing traces of glue from the inside of the material.

Reliability requirements - these are requirements for the ability of clothing to maintain its performance for some time or some operating time. For example, it could be

1 ovarian studies and examination of industrial goods.

Sewing goods

the number of cleaning, washing or ironing of clothes for a certain period of its operation.

Safety requirements characterized by minimizing the risk to human life and health when using clothing. Safety requirements are strictly regulated by legislative acts and regulatory documents... The safety requirements may vary depending on the purpose. The most stringent requirements apply to children's clothing, especially clothing for newborns and toddlers.

Clothing safety requirements apply to content harmful substances(benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, heavy metals, etc.), biological safety, suitability of clothing sizes, etc.

Clothing performs hygienic functions, which include heat-shielding properties, hygroscopicity, vapor permeability, air permeability, dust holding capacity, etc. In addition, clothing serves to protect the body from mechanical and chemical influences.

The main purpose of clothing is to create an artificial microclimate at the surface of the human skin, ensuring the maintenance of a certain body temperature.

The microclimate created by clothing is a thin layer of air located directly above the skin surface, and in an adult in clothing it is about 20 - 30 liters.

The comfort zone of this microclimate is characterized by a temperature of 28 - 32 "C with a relative humidity of 40 - 60% and a carbon dioxide content of 0.04 - 0.05%.

Human well-being is more dependent on the microclimate than on the environmental conditions.

Clothing must have certain operational, economic and aesthetic properties.

Hygienic properties

When designing clothes, first of all, hygiene requirements should be presented to them, characterizing the suitability of the clothes for the purpose. Clothing, taking into account the climatic conditions of the environment, should provide conditions of comfort for work, rest and sports.

The set of physiological processes in the body that maintain a constant body temperature is called thermoregulation.

Heat transfer from the surface of the skin depends on the thermal performance of the garment, its construction and meteorological factors, the most important of which are air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity.

Modern clothing is a complex design and consists of several layers (package) - linen, dress (suit, sweater, etc.) and coat. The weight of such clothes reaches 10 kg or more.

Various requirements are imposed on the fabrics produced for light and winter coats. Fabrics should be lightweight, thick, durable, wind-resistant, low heat-conducting, vapor-permeable, wrinkle-resistant, wear-resistant. Designing and producing fabrics for such varied requirements is virtually impossible. The heat-shielding functions of different layers of the package for a winter coat are not the same, therefore, their structure and physical and mechanical properties should be different.

The modern theory of designing heat-protective clothing assigns particularly important functions to the covering tissue, which perceives the main mechanical load, protects the human body from wind, rain and has great aesthetic value. Therefore, the integumentary tissue must first of all be strong, wear-resistant, light, soft, crease-resistant, and at the same time it must be beautiful.

An increase in heat-shielding properties should be achieved not by using thick, heavy and dense fabrics of a special structure, but by using an appropriate heat-insulating material (cotton wool, batting, foam) and an appropriate wind-resistant pad. When assessing the heat-shielding properties of clothing, air permeability is one of the decisive factors.

The heat-shielding properties of clothing that covers the body, which releases a significant amount of moisture, undergoes changes.

Clothes with high hygienic properties must quickly absorb moisture (sweat) and just as quickly give it to the outside environment. The best in this respect are fabrics made from plant fibers, especially linen.

The dust holding capacity and weight of the garment depend on the fabric structure. Dust holding capacity and weight of rough, pile, brushed fabrics is greater than smooth, woolen, silk and cotton fabrics.

Performance properties

Compliance with the purpose and operating conditions is ensured the right choice products by type, model, design, material and processing. The correct combination of these factors ensures the maximum ratio of the product to the operating conditions and, first of all, to the ease of use.

Of great importance are the properties of clothing, such as strength, service life, reliability in operation and the ability to maintain shape.

During operation, the product is subjected to various stresses, abrasion, exposure to light weather, atmospheric precipitation, etc. With various body movements, the fabric is repeatedly bent and stretched in different directions. Therefore, clothes must have a certain durability, i.e., have the ability to resist wear and tear under certain operating conditions.

The wear and tear of clothing largely depends on its cut and design, fabric properties, workmanship, shape characteristics and operating conditions. The greatest wear occurs in places of constant or periodic bending and abrasion of materials. In this case, first of all, the system of threads protruding on the surface of the material is destroyed.

Repeated actions of small tensile loads cause material fatigue, which manifests itself in the formation of bulges on parts (in the area of ​​knees, elbows, pockets, etc.). Due to the deformation of the material, the appearance of the product deteriorates.

In order to strengthen and protect the wear places in the products, linings, gaskets, overhead parts, impregnations, materials with increased wear resistance are used. You can preserve the shape of the product by giving it rigidity or using elastic (non-crease) materials.

In the first case, a kind of frame is created in the product, its design provides for various gaskets (side, lining in the collar, belt, etc.) and special processing to impart rigidity and elasticity (lapel stitch, collar, etc.).

In the second case, shape retention is achieved through the use of non-crease materials, as well as through giving the details of the product the shapes specified by the design itself, and fixing these shapes using various stitches and seams. The combination of these processing methods gives the best results for maintaining the shape of the product.

Economic properties

The economic properties are determined by the cheapness and availability of clothing for the mass consumer with its high quality. One of the decisive conditions for the production of high-quality, beautiful and diverse in terms of consumer properties of clothing models is the quality of the raw materials.

Chemical fibers, artificial leather, film materials, artificial fur... The use of materials and fabrics of new structures allows you to create completely new products, expand the range and improve the quality of products, their operational and consumer properties.

The cost of basic and auxiliary materials in the total cost of clothing is 80 - 90%. Reducing material consumption by only 1% makes it possible to scale garment industry save tens of millions of rubles. Economical use of materials is ensured by the correct organization of the rationing of the consumption of basic and auxiliary materials at sewing enterprises. The main thing is that on the basis of experimental layouts of patterns, calculate the minimum consumption rates of fabric, taking into account the manufacture of shampoos for various combinations of patterns of models of the stipulated heights and sizes. Calculation of pieces of fabric, laying fabric without residues is of no less importance.

The efficiency of clothing depends to a large extent on the manufacturability of the design of the models. In the process of designing and manufacturing clothes, it is necessary to make wider use of one-piece parts, unified units, precise cut, adhesive bonding of parts, perfect unified technology aimed at replacing manual labor with machine labor.

Consequently, the development of technological designs should be carried out with the improvement of design and technology, improvement of the quality and performance of clothing.

Technological designs should contribute to the creation of beautiful, elegant, fashionable, well-fitting, comfortable clothes under various working conditions and climates.

The manufacturability of a design depends on such factors as the constructive and technological continuity of models, typification, unification and standardization of product parts, design improvement, etc.

The constructive and technological continuity of the models is expressed in the fact that the new model uses parts and assemblies previously developed and mastered by production. This is especially important when designing several models (family of models) on the same structural basis.

The use of unified structural foundations in the design of new clothing models allows to significantly expand the range of manufactured products, several times reduce labor costs for the development of drawings and technical documentation, facilitate the launch of new models into production and reduce the time for their development. At the same time, the quality of products is improving, since the technology of the new models is similar to the already mastered models.

Typification involves reducing a variety of product designs to the minimum required number of typical designs of certain sizes, shapes and qualities.

Unification of clothing designs consists in bringing various parts and assemblies of each type of design to uniformity without deteriorating the quality and appearance of products.

Normalization and standardization is reduced to the establishment of uniform standards for the size of measurements of individual structural elements of unified clothing parts.

Improvement of the design of parts and knots of clothing is carried out by eliminating unnecessary seams (along the edge of the side, collar, etc.), simplifying the shape of individual parts without deteriorating the quality and appearance of the product. The designer must choose a more rational design solution for a particular unit or product as a whole, use standard parts, which will mechanize and automate the processes technological processing products.

Aesthetic properties

The improvement of the aesthetic properties of clothing is achieved by creating models that meet modern standards of decoration and the laws of visual perception.

The history of art shows that the concept of beauty is relative and changes over time. Any system of aesthetic laws and assessments reflects the internal tendencies of the process of cognition of the surrounding world. Having arisen, this system operates and acquires a certain independence. People cannot arbitrarily destroy or create an aesthetic law. Moreover, they must coordinate all their activities with him. All properties of the law are manifested in fashion.

Hegel * remarked that it is absurd to follow fashion and not to follow funny. Not obeying and not recognizing fashion means rebelling against the obvious trends in the development of aesthetic consciousness and activity. The aesthetic principle is inherent in any production activity, it manifests itself to the extent that the performer of the work manages to free himself from the oppression of external compelling circumstances, to produce on his own initiative, inspired by the labor process itself.

The transition from ordinary utilitarian production to art is expressed primarily in the fact that the method of performing work, the meaningful formation of the material, the technique of its processing is given primary importance, not caused by any urgent need.

Partly, the beauty inherent in the object itself is a consequence of skillful execution, partly it is, as it were, brought in from outside, achieved by a decorative transformation of the form.

The value of decorative design lies in the fact that it allows you to reveal the hidden essential aspects of the object, its constructive structure, utilitarian and social function, make them available to direct sensory perception.

The task of the fashion designer is not limited to the search for a rational solution, it is necessary to take into account the impressions produced by certain constructive lines, it is required that the solution looks appropriate, logical, and would be acceptable for the aesthetic sense. Thus, the decorative solution does not so much repeat the design as it is consistent with it, is the development and addition of the artistic concept.

An essential feature of the aesthetically designed model is its completeness, all of its parts are in a certain way coordinated and balanced with each other.

The aesthetic properties of clothing models are not based on the subjective tastes of fashion designers, but are determined by the concept of the beauty of a modern art style.

The artistic style of our time is born in heated debates and bold creative searches of architects, artists and fashion designers. The decisive word in appraisal of clothing models belongs to those for whom they are created. Only such artistic solutions are approved that meet the real needs of society.

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* Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770 - 1831) - the greatest German philosopher, objective idealist, most comprehensively developed the idealist dialectic.