1.1. Psychological situation in full family.

IN early age The child perceives the attitude towards him as an assessment of his behavior, assessing itself in general. A child cannot even understand that a bad or indifferent attitude of an adult can be caused by various reasons, it perceives such an attitude as an assessment of his personality. The constant impossibility of meeting the needs of the child in a positive assessment by an adult causes a severe emotional state of dissatisfaction, the feeling of emotional disadvantage.

In the absence of psychological and pedagogical assistance, the removal of negative experiences occurs due to the distortion of the presence of a child about his behavior. It becomes "impermeable" for any negative (both fair and unfair) of adult estimates. This is one of the ways to avoid painful doubts about self-esteem.

As noted by V.A. Sukhomlinsky, a child who survived in early childhood insult, injustice, becomes painfully susceptible to the slightest manifestations of injustice, indifference. Every collision with offend, untrue again and reins the children's heart again, and the child sees evil even where it is not. In other words, dissatisfaction with the human needs leads to a distorted perception of relations to him around. Then the child is increasingly closed in itself, opposing the real and apparent evil what he is able to oppose, - disobedience, raging, sharpness and rudeness, the timely person, the desire to do everything is not as they demand adults to remind themselves, to declare people about their The right to attention.

Attempts to establish contact such a child answers distrust, because it is often internally convinced of hostility towards him from others, in the fact that the words of the teacher of Lzhivy, that he seeks to deceive him, mislead him, how to put his vigilance. Therefore, it often happens that even an experienced, sensitive teacher can not always quickly come into contact with such a child, to conquer its location. For care, kindness, the child responds to distrust, and even the rude, causing behavior.

Of course, each family has its own nuances, difficulties and problems. Attempting all this schematizing and give an accurate classification of types of education of children where any specific family is "fitted", hardly feasible. Any particular case is always individual, like every person with his subjectivity and uniqueness. However, you can define the basic parameters of educational influences, the various combinations of which are types family education.

Here will be considered only two, in my opinion, the main parameters of family education. This is, first of all, attention to children: the degree of control over them, the leadership of their behavior; And secondly, emotional attitude towards a child: the degree of spiritual contact with his son or daughter, tenderness, affectionateness.

Hyperpretation

Increased baby care, deprivation of its independence, excessive control over behavior - all this characterizes education by type of hyperpread. When parents, afraid of "bad influence," choose friends to his son or daughter, organize their child's leisure, forcibly impose their views, tastes, interests, behavior norms are dominant hyperpotration. Often, this type of education is found in authoritarian families, where children are involved in unconditionally obeying parents or one of the adult family members whose will fulfill all the others. Emotional relations Here are usually restrained. Children have no deep peace of mind with his father and mother, since the constant severity of the parents, their control and suppression of the child's initiative interfere with the natural development of children's affection and form only respect and fear.

Education in the type of dominant hyperprojects The mature child causes either a hypertrophied reaction of emancipation, and the teenager generally comes out from under the control of parents, becomes unmanaged (first option), or forms a conformal (adaptable, passive) type of personality. In the second version, the child grows in a chanceless, everything depends on the effect of the surrounding microenvironment or from the leader, more active than he himself. He does not develop a sense of responsibility for his actions, independence in decision-making, no goal in life. It often turns out to be helpless in a new situation, unsuitable, prone to neurotic or unproductive reactions.

Asocial groups attract such adolescents most often because they feel psychological security, the lack of "pressure" by parents. They easily identify themselves with other adolescents and willingly obey the leader how before the father or mother was subordinate. Typically, such metamorphoses occur during a long period of stay outside the house, for example, study in another city, in a technical school, school; Moving from the village to the city; Admission to work, etc. Remaining without a "guide," they are ready to follow the first person who wants to "lead" for themselves. For example, if such a teenager, enjoying working at the plant, will fall into the brigade, where, for anyone, it is customary to use alcohol, he, without thinking, adopters this tradition, makes himself drinking, fulfilling the requirements of tradition, imitating senior members of the brigade and unconditionally obeying them.

The dominant hyperpreading includes education in conditions of high moral responsibility. Here, high attention to the child is combined with the expectation of him success much more than it can achieve. Emotional relations are warmer, and the child, sincerely trying to justify the hope of parents. In this case, failures are very acute, up to the nervous breakdowns or formation of an inferiority complex. As a result of this style of education, fear arises before the situation of tension, the test, which is often the impetus to the use of psychotropic substances.

Increased attention to the child in combination with a close emotional contact, the complete introduction of all behavioral manifestations means education by the type of indulgent hyperpread. In this case, parents strive to fulfill any whim, to protect against difficulties, troubles, chagrins. In such a family, the child is always in the center of attention, he is an object of adoration, "idol family." "Sleeping" love encourages parents to exaggerate his abilities, not to notice negative qualities, create an atmosphere of admiration and praise around the child. As a result, children are formed with egocentrism, overestimated self-esteem, intolerance of difficulties and obstacles to the satisfaction of desires. Such teenagers consider themselves standing outside of criticism, condemns and comments. They explain their failures for the injustice of those around or by random circumstances. This position forms and reinforces the behavior of parents, who always actively defend the interests of their son or daughter, do not want to listen to their shortcomings and give everyone who "does not understand" their child or "guilty" in his failures.

Naturally, the identity formed in the conditions of education in the type of indulgent hyperpreads, very often experiencing negative experiences at the first collisions with reality. The deprivation of the usual atmosphere of admiration and uncomplyful satisfaction of desires has a social disadaptation in a teenager, since it is perceived as a crisis situation. Inability to overcome difficulties, the lack of experience of experiencing negative emotions encourage him to use psychotropic substances, as they provide an opportunity quickly without any effort (volitional, intellectual, spiritual) to change their mental state.

It should be noted that adolescents raising in the conditions of indulgent hyperpreads are extremely rarely falling in the field of view of a narcologist not because among them there are less frequent cases of consumption of psychotropic substances. Just parents try to hide the facts of drinking alcohol or drugs. First, they are trying to justify their child, as if "not noticing" what is happening, or, explaining such a teenager's behavior by his subtle spiritual warehouse, the need to stimulate creative abilities. The teenager is then beginning to be treated in a private manner in order to avoid placing a drug accounting. And only when the teenager commits a crime or all means of independent treatment exhausted, it enters the drug transmissioner, most often already in a very launched state.

Hypoprotection

If the hypoprotection is combined with good emotional contact, i.e., parents love a child, although they are not engaged in education, then such a child grows in a situation of permissiveness, he does not produce a habit of organizing, planning his behavior. The impulses prevail, there is no idea that "I want" should be in second place after "necessary". For such children to adolescenceIn essence, self-regulation does not develop, and their behavior is similar to the behavior of accentuents on an unstable type.

To serious negative consequences Parenting in hypoprotection conditions in combination with the emotional coldness of the parents, the lack of mental contact. In this case, the child constantly feels his unnecessariness, expectations of caress and love. He is hardly experiencing an indifferent attitude, disregard from father and mother, and these experiences contribute to the formation of a complex of inferiority. Children, deprived of love and attention of parents grow embittered, aggressive. They get used to count only on themselves, they see enemies in all, and their goals are achieved by force or deception.

The most often combination of hypoprotection with emotional coldness (up to emotional rejection) is found in socially disadvantaged families. Where parents are abused by alcohol, behave an immoral lifestyle, children are usually abandoned, provided by themselves, are deprived of elementary care and care. Here they often apply physical punishment, beatings and tortured for the slightest misdeed or just to "disrupt evil." A heavy home atmosphere encourages a teenager to seek consolations in the company of the same disadvantaged peers. Associated from the parents of the idea of \u200b\u200blife and its values \u200b\u200b(asocial behavior, abuse of alcohol, the principles of the type "who have strength, that and others"), they transfer to this street group, forming their criminal wednesday.

Obviously, education by type of hypoprotection, in fact, leaves the child "one one" with life difficulties. Deverted by the leadership of an adult, its protection and support, it is experiencing negative emotional states much more often than it can withstand not yet formed personality. Therefore, together the ability to overcome difficulties, look for a way out of the frustrating situation, a teenager is looking for a way to relieve tension, change its mental state. In this case, psychotropic substances perform for him a versatile means to solve all its life problems.

In addition to the above-mentioned types of incorrect education, there are still many subtypes where various elements included in the main ones are intertwined. Actually, B. pure form These types of upbringing are found in real life Much less often than their combinations. This is primarily due to the fact that the family currently does not represent such unity as it was in the last century. Often now family members relate to the child in different ways, creating each of their cultivation conditions. For example, a father can cultivate the Son in the type of hypoprotection in combination with emotional coldness, mother - by type of dominant hyperprojects in combination with increased moral responsibility, and a grandmother with which the grandson conducts the bulk of its time - according to the type of indulgence hyperpread. What will grow from such a child? Hard to say. But it is safe to declare that the conditions for the formation of his personality are extremely unfavorable.

Topic: Family Psychological Climate. Types of compatibility

ü give students an idea of \u200b\u200bthe essence of the psychological climate, about the main factors affecting the formation of a psychological climate in the family.

ü awaken the desire to take responsibility for a favorable psychological climate in his future family.

ü upbringing the desire to create a prosperous psychological climate in your future family.

Basic concepts:

Psychological climate

Psychological compatibility and incompatibility

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Checking homework

Work on cards.

III. Message Topics and Objectives

IV. Psychological climate

Each person is a member of small and large groups and teams. From whether a person is well in this group, its personal happiness is largely dependent, and his desire to learn, work, be friends, love. And it's good to him when he has a favorable relationship with the surrounding people when he is experiencing emotional well-being in the group. As one hero of the film "Let's live to Monday": "Happiness is when you understand." Therefore, desire and skill understand another person Makes the basis of the psychological climate of anyone - the smallest (he and she) and the biggest group, any team.

Psychological climate or psychological atmosphere - this is the emotional attitude in the group and the team.

The psychological climate is determined by the sentiments of people, their mental experiences and unrest, attitude towards each other, to work, to the surrounding events.

A healthy psychological atmosphere is not given to the team by someone and for something. It is produced by all members of the team and depends on their efforts, from their cultural development in personal formation.

V. Discussion of situations

Situation 1.

Dima D., student 11 B class:

"Our class is democratic, we have no" elite ". Everything is about equal and very complementary by each other - one is stronger in one, the other - in the other, but there is no offense. No one imposes her opinion. We offer a lot and organize themselves. If someone fell ill if it is difficult to help, always come to the rescue. We are not boring. I think that the brighter in the class people, the steeper class. "

Boria K., student 11 g class:

"Our class consists of people who are absolutely not interested in each other and are not aspiring to communicate. Everyone lives his life. We are too different, and everyone's hobbies. Therefore, companies appear, group. Our main trouble is a class division on the "asset" and "passive" to which nothing is interesting. What can be done? Nothing if such a composition has come up. In our class everyone lives in itself. So do I. H I do not want to interfere with me. "

Determine the nature of the psychological climate in each of these classes.

Does his influence feel on these guys?

What is the psychological atmosphere of the class depends on?

First of all, the psychological atmosphere is determined human attitudeFor the sake of which there is a group or team, and satisfaction with labor.

Moodone person is very often transmitted to other people with whom he communicates, works, learns, lives.

The general atmosphere in the group has a great influence the degree of confidence.

Respect the dignity of another person just like its own - The point is very difficult, especially with constant communication. Here can help human ability put yourself in place of another person. (I do not like when I criticize me with strangers, and what I do? I do not like when they are called not named, but nicknamed, I'm upset and worry. And why do you do that?).

A happy truly can be only the family where the spouses live in large public interest and requests. Egoistic, manual aspiration does not bring happiness to people. The happiness of the individual is impossible outside society. Happiness is always a feeling of completeness of its spiritual and physical forces in their public use.

Vi. Psychological climate and compatibility

The greatest impact on the psychological climate is the degree of compatibility of people. Nightness of characters is a fairly common motivation of divorces.

Compatibility - This is the consistency of values, interests, emotional installations, general lifestyle.

VII. Types of compatibility

Psychological compatibility is a complex phenomenon that has several varieties (levels).

1. Ideano-moral community of people.

The coincidence of the views of spouses for the content of the main values, their moral installations, the assessment of these values \u200b\u200b(for example, work, family, mod, etc.).

Drunkenness, degradation of personality.

2. Socio-psychological compatibility.

Education, age, circle of acquaintances, general consuming spouses, their pupil.

The consistency of the views on the birth and raising children, the organization of life.

3. Psychological and psychophysical compatibility.

Features of the person, character and temperament of spouses.

Attitude towards parents.

Sense of responsibility for your family.

Constancy of feelings, emotionality.

The most strong incompatibility will be manifested in the similarity of some negative character traits: egoism, irresponsibility, laziness, etc.

VIII. OUTPUT

A positive climate in the family, as in any other group, can be created not only in similarity, but also with the difference in temperaments and characteristics of spouses.

IX. Fixing

ü If both spouse has no negative features, is compatible can always be achieved?

ü a husband and wife have a different degree of sociability - one wants to be at home, only in a family circle, and another to meet with friends, invite guests. In what cases is possible compatibility, and in what - no?

X. The result of the lesson

It is important to learn how to understand each other, strive to overcome the difficulties of living together, commend our desires with the aspirations of another person.

Compatibility is not given from the outside, it is produced by mutual efforts of spouses.

Family happiness is not a gift of fate, not the result of blind luck, this is the case of my own hands of spouses, their mind, kindness, humanity and, of course, love.

Xi. Task at home

Describe perfectly compatible couples:

1) Friendly: Youth - Girl, Girl - Girl, Youth - Youth;

2) young spouses;

3) senior spouses.

Literature:

G. Passmichina and others. "Ethics and Psychology family life". M. Enlightenment, 1987.

Important indicators of a favorable psychological climate of the family are the desire of its members to conduct free time In the home circle, talk on all themes you are interested in, to perform homework, emphasize the advantages and good deeds of everyone. Such a climate contributes to harmony, a decrease in the acute conflicts arising, withdrawing stressful states, an increase in the assessment of its own social importance and the realization of the personal potential of each family member. The initial basis of the favorable climate of the family are sophisticated relationship. Living together Requires compromise preparedness spouses, the ability to reckon with the needs of a partner, to give up each other, develop such qualities as mutual respect, mutual confidence, mutual understanding.

When family members experience anxiety, emotional discomfort, alienation, in this case talk about an unfavorable psychological climate in the family. All this hinders the fulfillment by the family of one of its main functions - psychotherapeutic, relieving stress and fatigue, and also leads to depression, quarrels, mental tensions, a deficit in positive emotions. If family members do not seek to change this situation for the better, the family's existence itself becomes problematic. The psychological climate of the family is expressed in which relations and moods dominate: enthusiastic, joyful, bright, calm, warm, disturbing, cold, hostile, depressed.

With a favorable microclimate, each family member feels equal among equal, necessary, protected and confident. He feels a family of a kind of refuge, where comes to relax, or the well, where the living freshness is drawn, cheerfulness and optimism. The main thing in the family is a sense of self-esteem and the desire to respect the right of everyone to be a person, and not just husband, father, owner of the house or partner. A favorable psychological atmosphere is associated with such a communication, which is not a member of someone from family members.

A favorable psychological atmosphere is present in a harmonious family. In such a family there is a joy of life. All the inhabitant of the house is confident that they are listened to their interest and joy. Here everyone knows that they are considered and always take into account the position of others. Therefore, people openly show their feelings: joy and chagrins, successes and defeats. In such a family, people are not afraid to risk, as they know - the family will understand that the search for the new is always associated with possible errors. Errors say that a person is growing, changes, improving and developing. In a harmonious family, everyone feels in their place, and they are as they want to see themselves - recognized and beloved. They used to look at each other, and not to the ceiling. And even babies look open and friendly. In the family reigns silent calm (but not indifferent silence due to fear to be incomprehensible). A storm in such a house is a sign of some very important activity of family members, and at all is not an attempt to start a quarrel. After all, everyone knows: if he is not listening now, then only because there is no time for it, and not because they do not like. In such families, people feel comfortable and comfortable. Adults and children do not hide tenderness and at any age show it not only in kisses, but also that they openly talk to each other about themselves and their affairs.

Family is a complex system of relationship between spouses, parents, children, other relatives. In the aggregate, these relations constitute a family microclimate, which directly affects the emotional well-being of all its members, through the prism of which the rest of the world is perceived and its place in it. Depending on how adults behave with the child, what feelings and relationships are manifested by loved ones, the child perceives the world with an attractive or repulsive, benevolent or threatening. As a result, he has trust or distrust of him. This is the basis for the formation of a positive self-assumption of the child. Emotional-favorable relationships in the family stimulate in all its members of feeling, behavior, actions aimed at each other. The well-being of a person in the family is transferred to other areas of relationships (on peers in children's garden, school, on colleagues at work, etc.). And on the contrary, the conflict furnishings in the family, the lack of mental proximity between its members often underlie defects in development and education.

To preserve a favorable climate in the family, you need to maintain a communicative sphere of life at the proper level. Communication of parents with children An important point in giving the house of a positive psychological atmosphere. The main law is to feel comfort when communicating.

The formation of a favorable psychological climate is affected by the type of family, the position that adults, the styles of relations and the role they are given to the child in the family. Under the influence of the psychological climate, the identity of the child is formed.

What is understood by the socio-psychological climate of the family? And what indicators affect the satisfaction with the climate in the family?

Socio-psychological family climate - This is the degree of satisfaction of the spouses atmosphere in the family. Friendly communication and psychological support of family members are indicators of a psychological climate in the family. Psychological factors act as an important component of family relations.

Also on the climate in the family affects sexual compatibility and joint leisure. During numerous studies, the following trend was revealed: the more experience of family life, the higher the satisfaction of psychological support. This is not surprising, since in time the psychological adaptation to partners increases.

If you ask a woman about the socio-psychological climate in her family, it turns out that it is more critical in assessing this issue than her man. This is confirmed by the studies of psychologists. For a strong marriage, women are important the following indicators: lack of household problems, family vacation, harmonious sexual relations, communication, friendship, care, psychological atmosphere. For men, the main thing in family relationship - Common interests with a children's bias.

Practical studies show that if marriage is satisfied at least one of the spouses, it contributes to a favorable climate in the family. On a favorable climate in the family affects the number of children in the family: the more children in the family, the more favorable family climate.

Some psychologists-sociologists are inclined to the degree of satisfaction with the marriage and, accordingly, a favorable climate in the family depends on the person himself, More precisely, the person who is able to take responsibility for everything in his life is always satisfied with the marriage.

Factors affecting a favorable climate in the family

1) "Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the family"

Examples of indicators: the total income of the family, the number of children, the age of her husband and wife.

2) "Empty sphere of the spouses of spouses"

Examples of indicators: profession of spouses, social environment.

3) "Installations and behavior of spouses in the main spheres of family vital activity"

Examples of indicators: views of spouses on the distribution of household and economic duties, leisure.

4) "Characteristics of intelligence relationships"

Examples of indicators: community of moral values, attitudes towards love and loyalty, respect for each other.

How to resume favorable climate in the family?

Unfortunately, many families with an unfavorable climate in the family. In these families, everyone lives his life. In the family it is not customary to solve problems for the "round" table, everyone solves its problems independently. Not only problems are solved by each family member on their own, but also the joyful moments of family members remain without attention. For example, do not congratulate each other on each other's birthday, the first five and so on.

The unfavorable climate in the family is developing not only in disadvantaged families, but also in families leading a healthy lifestyle. What is the reason? The reason for the emergence of a negative family climate is the lack of communication.

To resume a favorable climate in the family, you need to establish communication. You need to communicate not only with my spouse, but with children. And we need to say about everything, not to silence the insults. Topics for conversation should be diverse. Speak about anything: about the weather, about the man who came to your leg, about the new teacher at school, about politics, colors or just tell us about the last day.

Come up family traditionFor example, dinner every evening at one table, or turn off the Internet and play board games for two hours. We are often chosen by all for a joint holiday, which would come to all family members.

This advice may seem to someone a banal, but without a doubt it is the most effective for the resumption of a favorable climate in the family.

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In the scientific literature, the synonyms of the concept "psychological climate of the family" are the "psychological atmosphere of the family", the "emotional family climate", "socio-psychological climate of the family." It should be noted that there is no strict definition of these concepts. For example, O. A. Dobrynina under the socio-psychological climate of the family understands its generalized, integrative characteristic, which reflects the degree of spouse's satisfaction with the main aspects of family life, common tone and style of communication.

The psychological climate in the family determines the stability of the intrameal relationship, has a decisive effect on the development of both children and adults. It is not something unchanged, this time and forever. It creates members of each family and depends on their efforts, how will it be favorable or unfavorable and how long the marriage will last. So for a favorable psychological climate, the following signs are characterized by: cohesion, the possibility of the full development of the personality of each of its member, the high benevolent demanding of family members to each other, a sense of security and emotional satisfaction, pride for belonging to their family, responsibility. In a family with a favorable psychological climate, each member relates to the rest with love, respect and confidence, to parents - also with honor, to a weaker - willingly help at any moment. An important indicators of a favorable psychological climate of the family are the desire of its members to spend their free time in the home circle, talk to those who are interested in all themes, to perform homework, emphasize the dignity and good deeds of everyone. Such a climate contributes to harmony, a decrease in the acute conflicts arising, withdrawing stressful states, an increase in the assessment of its own social importance and the realization of the personal potential of each family member. The initial basis of the favorable climate of the family are married relations. A joint life requires compromise preparedness spouses, the ability to reckon with the needs of a partner, to give way to each other, develop such qualities as mutual respect, confidence, mutual understanding.

When family members experience anxiety, emotional discomfort, alienation, in this case talk about an unfavorable psychological climate in the family. All this prevents the fulfillment of the family of one of its main functions - psychotherapeutic, relieving stress and fatigue, and also leads to depression, quarrels, mental tensions, deficiency in positive emotions. If family members do not seek to change this situation for the better, the family's existence itself becomes problematic.

The psychological climate can be defined as a more or less stable emotional attitude for a particular family, which is a consequence of family communication, that is, as a result of a combination of the mood of family members, their mental experiences and excitement, relations to each other, to other people, work, to the surrounding events. It is worth noting that the emotional atmosphere of the family is an important factor in the effectiveness of the functions of the family's life, its state of health in general, it determines the stability of the marriage.

Many Western researchers believe that in modern society the family loses its traditional features, becoming an institution of emotional contact, a peculiar "psychological refuge." Domestic scientists also emphasize the increase in the role of emotional factors in the functioning of the family.

V. S. Torokhti speaks about the psychological health of the family and that this "integral indicator of the dynamics of vital functions for her, expressing the qualitative side of the socio-psychological processes occurring in it and, in particular, the ability of the family to resist the unwaning effects of the social environment," The concept of "social and psychological climate" is not identical, which is more applied to groups (including small) heterogeneous composition, which more often uniting its members on the basis of professional activities and the availability of broad exit opportunities from the group, etc. for small Groups having related links providing sustainable and long-term psychological interdependence, where the proximity of interpersonal intimate experiences is preserved, where the accuracy of the value orientation is particularly significant, where not one, but a number of existent-time goals, is preserved at the same time, and the flexibility of their priority, targeting, where its main condition existence is a target The term "psychological health of the family" is more applied.

Psychological health is the state of the spiritual psychological well-being of the family, providing adequate living conditions to regulate the behavior and activities of all family members. To the basic criteria for psychological health of the family B.C. Torochi attributes similarity family values, functional role consistency, socio-role adequacy in the family, emotional satisfaction, adaptability in microsocial relations, aspiration for family longevity. These criteria of psychological health families create a common psychological portrait modern family and above all characterize the degree of its well-being