Consultation for parents

Features of children 4-5 years old

At this stage, very important role are playing psychological characteristics children 4-5 years old, on which the behavior and formation of personality depends. Taking them into account, parents can build a logical and competent line of upbringing.

Striving for independence. A child of this age no longer needs the help and care of adults. Openly asserts its rights and tries to establish its own rules.

Ethical views. According to experts, the features psychological development children 4-5 years old are such that children of this age learn to understand the feelings of others, empathize, get out of difficult situations in communication.

Creative skills... At 4-5 years old, the child's imagination is actively developing. He lives in his own world of fairy tales, creates whole countries based on his fantasies. There he is a hero, the main actor, achieves the recognition he lacks in the real world.

Fears. The unrestrained fantasy of a child at 4-5 years old can give rise to a variety of fears and nightmares.

Socialization. The child breaks out of their circle of intrafamilial relationships and merges into the sea of ​​the surrounding world. It becomes necessary for him to be recognized by his peers.

Game activity becomes more complicated. The game continues to dictate and shape the psychological characteristics of a 4-5 year old child, but it becomes more multifaceted. She acquires a plot-role orientation: children play in a hospital, a shop, a war, and play out their favorite fairy tales. In the process, they make friends, are jealous, quarrel, reconcile, help each other, take offense.

Active curiosity forces children 4-5 years old to ask adults a variety of questions about everything in the world. They talk all the time, discuss something, without stopping for a minute. An exciting conversation and an entertaining game - that's what they just need now. If you push the child away at this moment, you can permanently discourage him from being interested in something.

Children of this age very emotionally perceive not only praise, but also remarks, they are very sensitive and vulnerable. Therefore, when punishing and scolding them, words must be chosen with great care. Otherwise, it can provoke in them the development of internal complexes that impede socialization and the formation of a full-fledged personality.

By the age of 5, they begin to be interested in gender, they wonder how boys and girls differ from each other.

Parents who know the age-related psychological characteristics of their children at the age of 4-5 can help them. In particular, block their fears, control their overly unbridled imagination, captivating them with entertaining games and informative conversations... In parallel with the psychological, it is actively intellectual development which needs to be taken care of especially carefully. After all, this aspect will determine how successful the child will be at school.

Math skills

Determines the location of objects: back, middle, right, left, top, bottom, front.

Knows the basic shapes of geometry: circle, oval, triangle, square, rectangle.

Knows numbers from 0 to 9. Counts objects, correlates their number with a number.

Arranges numbers in the correct order and in reverse (from 1 to 5).

Compares a different number of objects, understands such values ​​as equally, more, less.

Logical thinking

The type of thinking characteristic of a 4-5 year old child is visual and figurative. All his actions are of a practical nature. In the first place is visibility. But by the end of the 5th year, thinking gradually becomes generalized and turns into verbal-logical.

The amount of memory is increasing.

The stability of attention increases.

The child finds differences and similarities between pictures, objects.

Folds according to the model of the building (pyramid, constructor) without assistance.

Folds the cut picture into a single whole (parts should be from 2 to 4).

The development of nervous processes allows the child to perform one task for several (at least 5) minutes, without being distracted by anything else. This is a very important age-related feature.

Inserts the missing fragments of the canvas, pictures.

Calls a specific group of objects as a generalizing word. Finds an extra item and pairs.

Picks up opposite words.

He sees objects in the picture that are incorrectly depicted, explains what exactly is wrong.

Speech development

Uses a thousand words, builds phrases of 5-9 words. A child of 4-5 years old should be understood not only by parents, but also by strangers.

Knows the structural features of a person, that it differs from an animal: name parts of the body (nails - claws, hands - paws, hair - wool).

Uses the plural.

Finds an item by description.

Understands the meaning of prepositions.

Knows the profession.

Maintains a conversation: answers questions, asks them correctly.

Retells the content of a fairy tale, story. Learns by heart poetry, nursery rhymes.

He says his name, surname, how old, the city where he lives.

The world

Distinguishes between vegetables, fruits and berries.

Knows insects.

Calls pets.

Guesses the seasons from the pictures, knows their signs.

Everyday skills

Fastens buttons and zippers, unties the laces, operates with a spoon and fork.

String beads and large buttons.

Accurately draws lines without lifting the pencil from the paper, thanks to the development of sensory features.

Shades the shapes with straight, even lines, while not going beyond its contours.

Draws and paints pictures without going over the edges.

Distinguishes between right and left hand.

You can study with your child at home on your own, or you can hire a specialist or enroll in a children's development center. Taking into account his age characteristics, it is necessary to try to ensure the maximum development of his intellectual abilities. This way he will be 100% ready for school, successful and stress-free. At the same time, do not forget to take care of his full physical development.

Physical development

The age characteristics of children 4-5 years old are of great importance in terms of physical development... Parents should focus on the indicators of the norm in order to notice deviations in time and correct them, if possible.

The general physical capabilities of children at the age of 4-5 increase significantly. So, their coordination is noticeably improved. Most of the movements look more confident from the side.

They still need movement.

The motor skills are actively developing.

The child becomes agile and quick.

Muscles grow quickly, but unevenly. Because of this, a 4-5 year old child instantly gets tired. This feature must be taken into account by adults in order to dose physical activity; during classes, pauses are needed for rest.

The average increase in growth per year should be 5-7 cm, body weight - up to 2 kg.

The skeleton is flexible because the ossification process is not complete. So strength exercises are contraindicated, but parents and educators need to constantly monitor posture and postures.

The body's need for oxygen increases. The peculiarity of the respiratory system is that the abdominal type is replaced by the chest type. The lung capacity increases.

The peculiarity of cardiac activity lies in the fact that the rhythm of the heart contractions is easily disturbed, so that with significant physical exertion, the heart muscle gets tired. This can be seen by redness or paleness of the face, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, uncoordinated movements. Therefore, it is so important to switch to a different type of activity in time.

This age is called the "golden age" of the development of sensory abilities.

Another physical feature of this age: the lens of the eye has a flat shape - therefore, the development of farsightedness is noted.

The eardrum at this age is tender and easily injured. Hence - a special sensitivity to noise.

Nervous processes are far from perfect. The process of arousal prevails, so that in moments of resentment, violent emotional reactions and demonstrative non-observance of the rules of behavior cannot be avoided.

The effectiveness of educational measures aimed at nervous processes is increasing.

Rapid formation of conditioned reflex connections.

Conditional inhibition is difficult to form. Therefore, having forbidden something to a child once, there is no need to wait for it to be imprinted in his memory forever. In order for him to master this or that prohibition to the end, it is necessary to constantly fix it with him.

These are the features of the development of children 4-5 years old in terms of physiology. They help parents understand many of the processes that take place in a small body. You need to know what will benefit the baby, and what activities and educational measures will be not only empty, but even harmful.

Tips for parents

Taking into account all the above-mentioned features of the development of a 4-5 year old child, parents will be able to derive the maximum benefit from them in order to bring up a full-fledged personality and qualitatively prepare the baby for school. Psychologists and educators advise at this age to build a relationship with your baby as follows.

There should not be too many prohibitions, rules and laws: due to his mental age characteristics, the child will not be able to comply with all of them. On the contrary, if there are an outrageous number of them, get ready for war: the baby will make a protest.

Respond with restraint to your child's righteous hurt and anger.

Tell him about your feelings, experiences. So he will better understand you and the people around him.

Analyze with him the peculiarities and details of any difficult ethical situations in which he finds himself in the yard and in kindergarten.

Don't overload his conscience. There is no need to constantly tell him about his mistakes: a destructive feeling of guilt, fear, vindictiveness, passivity will appear.

A child 4-5 years old does not need to be told horror stories, show horror films, talk about death and disease.

Be curious about your little one’s creativity and success. But don't criticize.

Allow him to play with his peers as much as possible.

Answer any questions, ask for his opinion. Tell me how to independently search for information.

Play with him at home.

Read books.

Reinforce any knowledge you gain.

Those parents who care about the development of a full-fledged personality of a child should keep in mind all of the above age characteristics of the development of children 4-5 years old: they are a guideline. Knowing about them, it is much easier to send the baby in the right direction, to understand his the inner world, to help cope with the difficulties that this period is fraught with. Such a policy will make it possible to qualitatively prepare a preschooler for the upcoming schooling and facilitate social adaptation.

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Age features

children 4-5 years old

Age from four to five years is a period of relative calm. The child came out of the crisis and, on the whole, became calmer, more obedient, more complaisant. The need for friends is becoming more and more strong, interest in the world around him is sharply increasing.

At this age, your child actively manifests itself:

Striving for independence... It is important for a child to do a lot on his own, he is already more able to take care of himself and less needs the care of adults. back side independence - a statement about their rights, needs, attempts to establish their own rules in the world around him.

Ethical views... The child expands the palette of perceived emotions, he begins to understand the feelings of other people, to empathize. At this age, basic ethical concepts begin to form, which are perceived by the child not through what adults tell him, but on the basis of how they act.

Creative skills... The development of imagination is entering a very active phase. A child lives in a world of fairy tales, fantasies, he is able to create whole worlds on paper or in his head. In dreams, various fantasies, the child gets the opportunity to become the main character, to achieve the recognition he lacks.

Fears as a consequence of a developed imagination... The child feels insufficiently protected in front of the big world... He uses his magical thinking in order to gain a sense of security. But the rampant fantasy can give rise to a wide variety of fears.

Peer relationships... The child develops a great interest in peers, and he is increasingly moving from intra-family relations to broader relations with the world. Cooperative play becomes more difficult, it has a varied role-playing content (playing in the hospital, in the store, in the war, playing out your favorite fairy tales). Children are friends, quarrel, reconcile, take offense, jealous, help each other. Communication with peers takes an increasing place in the life of a child, and the need for recognition and respect from peers becomes more and more pronounced.

Active curiositywhich makes children constantly ask questions about everything they see. They are ready to talk all the time, to discuss various issues. But their volition is not yet sufficiently developed, that is, the ability to do what they are not interested in, and therefore their cognitive interest is best satisfied in an exciting conversation or an entertaining game.

It is important for you, as his parents:

• Understand what are the rules and laws in your family that your child is not allowed to break. Remember that there should not be too many laws and prohibitions, otherwise they will be difficult to comply with.
• If possible, instead of prohibitions, propose alternatives, formulating them as follows: "You cannot draw on the wall, but you can draw on this piece of paper." It's just that prohibitions give rise to a child either a feeling of guilt, or anger and protest. If you unambiguously forbid the child to do something, be prepared to withstand his just anger or resentment about it.
• Tell the child about his feelings so that he better understands what kind of reaction in another person certain of his actions generate. Be ready to deal with a difficult ethical situation... Live in harmony with the ethical principles that you are transmitting to your child.
• Do not overload the child's conscience. Excessive disapproval, punishment for minor offenses and mistakes cause a constant feeling of guilt, fear of punishment, and vindictiveness. Passivity can also develop, initiative disappears.
• Remember that you should not tell various scary stories with a child, talk about serious illnesses and death, because for some children such information can become a super strong irritant. It is important to listen to your child, to share his fears with him, allowing him to live them with you.
• Provide the child with opportunities for creativity and self-expression. To be interested in any creative product, if possible without evaluating it in any way, neither positively nor negatively, inviting the child to evaluate his own creativity.
• Provide the child with the opportunity to play together with other children, realizing that such play not only develops his imagination and creative thinking but also absolutely essential for healthy emotional development. To offer the child for play not only toys that are finished in their shape, but also unformed objects that do not have a clear function: pebbles, sticks, blocks, etc.
• To understand that the child is already capable of doing what he likes for a long time and with enthusiasm, and it can be very difficult for him to interrupt the game, so it is worth warning him in advance about the need to end it.

Age from four to five years is a period of relative calm. The crisis is over for 3 years, the children have become more emotionally stable. Fatigue decreases, the background of the mood is leveled, it becomes more stable, less prone to swings.

The child's ability to be aware of and control their emotions increases.

By the age of four, the emotional development of a child reaches such a level that he can behave in an exemplary manner. The fact that children are capable of so-called "good" behavior does not mean that it will constantly be so.

If a four-year-old is very tired or has had a stressful day, his behavior is more likely to resemble that of a child more younger age... This is a signal to an adult for help - at the moment, too much has piled on the child for him to endure. He needs affection, consolation and the opportunity for a while to behave as if he were younger.

The most important neoplasms of this period are:

- completion of the main process of forming active speech

- the exit of consciousness beyond the limits of directly perceived reality.

THAT IS DURING THIS "QUIET" PERIOD IS OCCURRING - the active formation of all parts of the brain responsible for the perception of the world and information processing, as well as the figurative right hemisphere. That is, during this period, the centers of spatial analysis and synthesis were formed, thanks to which later the teaching of mathematics, language, reading and writing was provided.

Children of this period have an acute need for movement. In case of dissatisfaction of this need, limitation of active motor activity, they quickly become overexcited, become disobedient, capricious.

In connection with what such an urgent need for movement in children 4-5 years old?

The main resources of the brain should be directed to the development of the sensory-motor basis of intelligence: as many impressions as possible for various senses, constant exercise in dexterity (run, jump, crawl, climb, etc.) Thanks to a properly formed sensory-motor basis, such complex skills like reading, math, writing will be easily formed and automated.

Therefore, during this life period, it is especially important to establish a reasonable motor regime, saturate the life of children with a variety of outdoor games, play tasks, dance movements to music, round dance games.

I can tell you that knowledge of letters and numbers at this age is NOT a sign of good intelligence, rather it speaks of "stealing" those parts of the brain that should be developing at this moment.

ADULTS

The content of communication between a child and an adult changes.

The adult is now of interest primarily as a source of KNOWLEDGE. Communication goes beyond the specific situation in which the child finds himself. The cognitive motive becomes the leader. The beginning of the great period "WHY". Children ask the same questions several times. Patience.

Children develop a need for respect on the part of an adult, for them it turns out to be extremely important for his praise. This leads to their increased sensitivity to comments. Increased sensitivity is an age-related phenomenon of a given period of a child's life.

A negative assessment, if it is inevitable, can only be heard in a situation individual communication when no one but the child himself hears it.

At this age, basic ethical concepts begin to form, which are perceived by the child not through what adults tell him, but on the basis of how they act.

Children have a better intuitive ability than adults to capture someone else's emotional state, since they do not attach such importance to words as adults. Therefore, it is important not to miss this fertile time for the development of empathy, compassion, sociability, kindness in the child.

For empathy and the ability to show adequate reactions to other people's emotions, the child needs the experience of coexisting his emotions and the emotions of a communication partner with different emotional influences.

The child expands the palette of perceived emotions, he begins to understand the feelings of other people, to empathize.

Peers

Children 4-5 years old begin to show interest in their peers as play partners. The opinion of a peer is of particular importance. Cooperative play becomes more difficult, it has a varied role-playing content (playing in the hospital, in the store, in the war, playing out your favorite fairy tales). Children are friends, quarrel, reconcile, take offense, jealous, help each other. Communication with peers takes an increasing place in the life of a child, and the need for recognition and respect from peers becomes more and more pronounced.

Therefore, it is desirable to organize forms of interaction between children that involve cooperation, not competition.

PHENOMENON OF AGE 4-5 YEARS"PROVISION"

It is by the age of five that we notice numerous complaints - statements by children to a teacher or parent that someone is doing something wrong or someone is not doing it.

It is impossible to regard such statements of the child as "sneaking" and treat them negatively. Meanwhile, the child's “statement” indicates that he understood the requirement as necessary and it is important for him to receive authoritative confirmation of the correctness of his opinion, as well as to hear additional explanations from the adult about the “boundaries” of the rule. Discuss what happened with your child, help him to establish the correct behavior.