Can pregnant women travel long distances by car? Will health insurance help

Summer is coming - the season of vacations and travel. I don’t want to deny myself the pleasure of enjoying the long-awaited rest in the company of my beloved husband, especially now, when the baby is about to appear and it’s not up to travel at all. What to do? Can you decide to move, fly, change the climate?

First of all, you should remind yourself that the course of pregnancy is a purely individual thing. And if any of your friends in the eighth month climbed Hoverla or went on a speleological tour of the part of the Marble Caves in Crimea closed for tourists, flew to South Africa or made a pilgrimage to Tibet, this does not mean at all that you can repeat everything. her exploits. Even if you have less time, you are younger and feel (being at home) just fine. You need to start preparing for a vacation with a consultation with a doctor. Discuss with your supervising gynecologist a possible route, means of transportation, travel time, climate change. The specialist will be able to give you all the recommendations, relying not on the experience of a friend, but on the results of your own analyzes. Perhaps you are not even aware that, feeling great in your own climate, you can harm yourself and your child, being thousands of kilometers from home!

So, tell the doctor your hopes: where, for how long, by what means of transport and even in what company (husband, parents, alone) you would like to go. Based on the results of the examination and the current test results, the doctor will be able to recommend you a whole list of precautions, up to a ban on certain types of loads and vehicles. If there is no danger, perhaps he can still prescribe you an antispasmodic so that there are no contractions, he will recommend a list of drugs that you will need to have on hand. You will need to have your medical record with you, it is also advisable to ask the doctor to make an extract from the medical history. Find out in advance the address of the clinic closest to your place of rest - upon arrival, it would be best for you to also undergo an examination, and in case of any ailments, do not wait for a return, but go to the medicine right on the spot.

So your trip is over. Do not take on too many travel arrangements, it is better to entrust this to relatives or a tour operator. Yes, perhaps such a service will cost more, but now the most important thing is your nerves, health and good mood! Get ready calmly, make a list of the things you need in advance and follow it. Don't fuss, don't worry, don't worry - whatever you forget, you can find it on the spot.

Also, it will not be superfluous to inquire in advance about the weather forecast where you are going. Even a not very accurate forecast for 2-3 weeks in advance can warn you about possible changes in pressure and temperature changes, which is also very important to take into account in your position.

If your pregnancy is already more than 7 months, do not plan long trips, since the risk of premature birth cannot be completely ruled out. Consider your holiday schedule in advance if you want to visit tourist attractions and do local sightseeing trips. Think about the days not being too busy, give yourself some time just to relax and do nothing! It will be especially important not to overload the first days after arriving at the place of rest - you will need to come to your senses after the move. It is not worth ordering excursions that involve many hours of sitting on the bus, too long pedestrian crossings.

It is best for you to ride with maximum comfort. From this point of view, a train is always better than a car, an airplane is better than a train, and a bicycle is generally not welcome.

  • As soon as your stomach is rounded, you better not think about cycling, especially over rough terrain: it is fraught with shaking, falls.
  • Intercity buses are good if the journey takes no more than two to three hours. Staying in a sitting position without the opportunity to walk, stretch, lie down for a longer period is already undesirable.
  • By car, you can make longer trips than by bus, since at any time you can stop and get out, give yourself a rest, stretch your limbs. Try not to exceed the speed limit, do not drive on bad roads to avoid shaking, do not remain the only driver in the company! You should always remember about seat belts: do not fasten them across the belly, but pass them under it.
  • For long distance travel, we choose a train. Here you can move freely, lie down when you want to sleep, here you can settle down with maximum comfort compared to a car or a bus.

Flights by plane for a pregnant woman

Air travel is most recommended for a pregnant woman. You can fly fearlessly in the second trimester if your doctor permits you, up to 7-8 months of pregnancy. Eat moderately during the flight and drink plenty of water. Your feet can swell at high altitudes, so make yourself as comfortable as possible, take off your shoes, do a few exercises to relax, and at least once an hour walk down the aisle between the chairs to activate circulation in your legs.

From the seventh month of pregnancy, there are a number of restrictions imposed on flights. You should not fly late if you have pregnancy diabetes, high blood pressure, or problems with the placenta. Also, such trips are not recommended for mothers who are pregnant with twins. In any case, you will need to provide documents from the attending physician authorizing you to fly (this issue must be clarified with the representatives of the airline you are flying with.) Here are the requirements of some airlines regarding the transportation of pregnant women:

  • You can fly by Ukrainian airlines before (first pregnancy) or before (not the first pregnancy). You will need a certificate from the airline's medical department to authorize the flight.
  • KLM, Northwest Airlines do not carry women with a term longer.
  • British airways- if the term is longer, a certificate from the attending physician is required, you also need to sign a declaration stating that you are aware of all the risks and do not impose any responsibility on the airline.
  • Lufthansa- if the term is longer, a certificate from a doctor is required, confirming the absence of contraindications to flights and (the estimated date of birth).
  • EasyJet, British European, Air New Zealand- require a certificate before, at a later date they are not allowed to fly.
  • United Airlines, Delta, Alitalia, Swissair, Air France- require a certificate for a period of more than.
  • Virgin- if the period is longer, it is allowed to fly with a doctor.
  • Air New Zealand- flight is not allowed in case of multiple pregnancy.
  • Iberia- does not impose any restrictions.

Traveling abroad during pregnancy

It should be remembered that changing time zones, climate, nutrition requires the body to make efforts to adapt and tire a woman. Therefore, traveling to distant countries carries with it a certain danger. Tropical countries should be especially wary: the yellow fever vaccine, which is necessary to enter many of them, is contraindicated during pregnancy. Malaria is also dangerous to the expectant mother due to the risk of bleeding, and to the fetus due to danger or premature birth. The dehydrating diarrhea that most tourists in exotic countries suffer from is almost impossible to prevent. Before daring to travel to Africa, Asia or South America, learn about the endemic diseases in these countries.

Safety rules when traveling during pregnancy

It is best to travel by taking some precautions:

Taking care of your safety and comfort in advance and observing simple safety rules, you will have a great rest! Have a good trip!

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The already catching phrase "pregnancy is not a disease" is the motto of many pot-bellies and those who have just begun a new life inside. An "interesting position" forces many women to radically revise their lifestyle, rebuild their plans, and the unborn baby is already beginning to contribute to the life of the parents. Some pay less attention to circumstances and skillfully adapt to any force majeure, despite a bulging tummy.

So some ladies, frankly, are very worried about this tummy, it is like a golden egg that they do not want to break and disturb, for example, by a long trip or flight. It is right, to worry about the safety of the child is natural, but is it worth it to lock yourself in four walls and be afraid of everything and everyone? Let's talk about whether pregnant women can drive long distances.

Why are there concerns?

Anything can happen in the life of each of us, we pursue different goals, set priorities, and sometimes circumstances arise that force us to adapt to them, regardless of our desire. When we talk about traveling by car during pregnancy, we usually mean a long-awaited vacation, for example, on the seashore, which we have been planning and have been looking forward to for the last six months, or we mean a forced trip to visit relatives in another area. And everything would be fine if it were not for the news of an interesting situation or an already existing tummy, for which we are very worried. In any other case, we, full of the spirit of adventurism and anticipation of the trip, would not hesitate to jump into the car and drive even across the country, but here such things are ... So what's the matter?

Indeed, women are not in vain worried about this, and these experiences differ depending on the duration of pregnancy.

Everyone knows that our vast road is not so hot: potholes, bumps and other irregularities make a car pretty shake even with the softest suspension. Shaking for pregnant women is extremely undesirable, while the longer the period, the more undesirable such a trip. The fact is that amniotic fluid in such conditions mechanically stimulates the opening of the cervix, provokes uterine bleeding and other terrible things. If you are already "on demolition", then carefully weigh all the pros and cons.

Driving a car involves a long sitting position. Even the most comfortable chair will not provide you with the necessary comfort if the journey is more than 2-3 hours. A woman in a position to sit for a long time is not only uncomfortable, but also not worth it at all: the uterus is clamped by the pelvic bones, blood circulation is disturbed, including in the legs, the likelihood of edema increases, etc. However, the good thing about a trip by car is that you can stop at any time and exercise a little.

An inconvenient belt, which ensures the safety of passengers and the driver, can overtighten the bulging belly. There is a solution in this case: a special pad for pregnant women or just lie down on the back sofa if it is not busy there.

Increased sensitivity to external factors, especially in the first trimester, exacerbates the experience of the trip. Nausea, dizziness, susceptibility to temperature changes (it becomes especially bad in the summer heat), smells often accompany travelers in position, especially in the early stages.

And, finally, any trip is an excitement that does not fit into the regime of a future mother, because a pregnant life should go on calmly, quietly and without extreme. However, if for you traveling by car is only a joy, and you do not doubt the professionalism of the driver, then, as they say, go ahead and with a song.

Perfect timing

And yet, long trips by car during pregnancy are practiced all over the world, many women comfortably move from point A to point B at different times, and some manage to drive a car, and not just stay as a passenger. Be that as it may, plan a trip (if possible) during the safest period of gestation, namely in the second trimester. Why at this particular time? It's simple:

✓ You have already been released from all the wisdom of the first weeks in the form of nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and general malaise. In general, women feel great in the second trimester;

✓ the tummy is not too big yet to turn you from a graceful doe into a clumsy duck, does not restrict movement, and it is not yet so hard to wear it;

✓ From 13 to 27 weeks, the chance of an involuntary miscarriage or early birth is minimal.

If you are an autoland and cannot imagine a day without an "iron horse", then you will probably notice, and then compare, that it is the middle of pregnancy that is most "convenient" in terms of movement and travel. Some even wonder if it is okay to travel while pregnant or just drive when needed. Nobody will give you an unequivocal answer, so you have to proceed from your own feelings. If your driving experience is long enough, you feel confident behind the wheel and are used to driving in this way, then you probably shouldn't master the delights of public transport or spend money on a taxi. Otherwise, it is better to refuse this idea.

Separately, I would like to emphasize the role of a pregnant woman precisely as a driver during long journeys. Nevertheless, one should not go on a long journey, and if such a need arises, then notify your relatives about the route and plan it through large settlements where they can provide emergency assistance (all scenarios must be taken into account). If you are traveling with your spouse, you can easily share driving a car, if you really want to, but not equally! No more than 2-3 hours behind the wheel for you, and entrust the rest to a non-pregnant driver.

After 34 weeks of gestation, it is advisable to completely abandon travel, no matter how desirable. Otherwise, be prepared to give birth in a back seat or in a rural hospital.

If an adventure with a trip of several hundred (or maybe thousands) kilometers does not scare you, then make it as comfortable and safe as possible for yourself. A couple of tips will definitely do the trick for you:

✓ The first thing that you should take with you on the road is all the necessary documents, and after 30 weeks also the "duty suitcase". However, the documents must be with you always and everywhere, and the second is already when traveling (long-distance or not);

✓ Try to travel as a couple or family, without unnecessary passengers, relatives and random travel companions. The fewer people in the car, the better for you: lie down, sit, throw your legs up - whatever you like;

✓ 10 minute stops every 2 hours is an immutable rule. Warm up, stretch, go to the toilet, have a snack;

✓ Do not take dry water and save yourself from quick snacks - your stomach will definitely not like it. A thermos with hot soup, fruits, vegetables, fruit drinks, still water is a good option. You can stop at a cafe if you know the cuisine and have dined there before;

✓ If there is a long way ahead - think over places to sleep, preferably comfortable ones. Although the adventurer has not fallen asleep in you, it is better to refuse campsites and dubious hostels, especially from non-stop arrival;

✓ Plan a route in advance through large settlements, especially if the timeframe is long enough. Nobody knows what can happen on the road, so plan your trip so that you can get to a normal hospital on any part of the journey;

✓ Wear comfortable shoes and loose-fitting clothing made from natural and stretch fabrics;

✓ And avoid drafts and overheating;

✓ And use special seat belt pads if necessary;

If a pregnant woman plans a long journey, she must choose the mode of transport that is the least safe, most comfortable, and the gestational age should be taken into account. In the first three months of pregnancy, doctors do not advise going on long trips, since the body of a pregnant woman is still experiencing powerful hormonal changes during this period and many women suffer from manifestations of toxicosis (morning sickness and vomiting). Traveling in the last month of pregnancy is also undesirable. The most optimal period for long trips, according to doctors, is the second trimester of pregnancy (from the 16th to the 28th week of pregnancy). At this time, the main unpleasant moments associated with toxicosis no longer bother the pregnant woman, the belly is not yet so large as to become an obstacle to active actions. During a long trip, the expectant mother must have an exchange medical card with her, which indicates all the features of the course of pregnancy and the results of tests. Experts do not recommend using vacation spots where there is no opportunity to receive specialized medical care for a pregnant woman. For travel, a pregnant woman can use any type of transport.

Traveling during pregnancy and health

A woman should take all measures during the trip to eliminate fatigue, the appearance of back pain. There are medical contraindications for long-distance travel: low placenta previa, increased blood pressure, the presence of edema and protein in the urine, excessive vomiting, various types of bleeding, severe anemia, chronic diseases in a pregnant woman during an exacerbation and various allergic reactions. Of course, it is strictly forbidden to participate in cycling or skiing, mountain climbing or scuba diving during pregnancy. Doctors advise the expectant mother to spend her holidays at a resort by the sea or in a boarding house. If a pregnant woman is going on a trip to Asia, Africa or South America, she should definitely consult with her doctor and get all the vaccinations that are mandatory when visiting these places. But it is better for the expectant mother to refuse to travel to distant countries, since the flight there will take a long time and the woman will feel overwork. A change in the climatic zone and the acclimatization period can also adversely affect the well-being of the expectant mother. It is not recommended to travel to countries where the climate is hot and humid. Doctors advise to give preference to places with a familiar climate. It should be borne in mind that when the climate changes, the body undergoes acclimatization, which lasts on average 7-10 days, so you should plan your stay on vacation for a longer period of time. When traveling, the expectant mother is advised to refuse large luggage, and use a bag on wheels, clothes should be loose, made of cotton fabrics, shoes should be comfortable, with low heels. An important point that a pregnant woman should take care of is proper nutrition during a long trip. If possible, it is necessary to follow the diet that is optimal for the body of the expectant mother. With her, a woman should have a bottle of drinking water, a carton of milk, crackers or cookies, raisins or nuts. During a long trip, a pregnant woman is strictly prohibited from drinking raw water, eating unwashed raw vegetables and fruits, and using pies bought from street vendors in food.

Travel by car

When traveling by car during pregnancy, there are negative sides - the expectant mother can be seasick, for a long time the pregnant woman will be in a forced sitting position, which leads to disruption of normal blood circulation. To avoid discomfort and the appearance of back pain, a woman should worry in advance about creating the most comfortable conditions for herself. If you have to take the front seat, it is recommended to recline it at an angle of 100-110 ° and put a small pillow under your back so that the lower back flexes. The expectant mother must use a seat belt. When using a seat belt, a woman should make sure that it does not press on the abdomen, but is located in the lower abdomen. The most comfortable place for the expectant mother is in the back seat of the car. Travel by car should not last more than 5 hours during the day. Every 1-1.5 hours it is necessary to make stops, during which a pregnant woman should get out of the car and walk for 5-10 minutes. While riding, it is recommended to do light leg exercises (rotation of the feet, a variety of movements with the toes) - this will help increase blood circulation. To prevent nausea in the car, the expectant mother needs to have snacks and drinks with her. If a pregnant woman has to drive, then she needs to move the seat back and lower the steering wheel down.

Travel by bus

When traveling by bus, there are quite good conditions for a pregnant woman: the backs of the seats in many buses recline, there are air conditioners, dry closets, during the route there are stops when you can get off the bus and stretch your legs. But there are also a number of disadvantages that can complicate travel. A pregnant woman will have to be in an uncomfortable narrow chair for a long time, it will not always be possible to completely recline the seat back, it can be cold in the bus cabin, so the expectant mother needs to take care of warm clothes in cool weather. A pregnant woman should have a first-aid kit with her, as it may not be possible to use her luggage on the way.

Train travel

If you have to travel by train, the doctors recommend that the expectant mother use the compartment. You should buy a ticket for the lower shelf in advance, take care of a warm blanket. In a compartment, a woman will be able to sit comfortably with her legs stretched out on the seat, and position herself as it is convenient for her, placing a pillow under her lower back. Drinks and food should be in sufficient quantity.

Steamer travel

Nowadays, pregnant women can afford a cruise. Modern liners are equipped with everything you need to travel. One of the disadvantages of such a trip can be the manifestation of seasickness. A pregnant woman needs to be careful when choosing safe remedies for motion sickness.

Flight by plane

The most convenient mode of transport for a pregnant woman going on a trip is by plane. You can fly on airplanes up to the 36th week of pregnancy in the absence of medical contraindications. From the middle of the second trimester of pregnancy, the boarding ticket must be accompanied by a medical certificate from the attending physician about the absence of contraindications to air travel. It is useful for expectant mothers to know that on Western airlines flights are prohibited for pregnant women from the 26th-28th week of pregnancy. There is an opinion of experts that, nevertheless, a pregnant woman should be wary of traveling by plane. This is due to the fact that during takeoff and landing, a change in atmospheric pressure is noted, which leads to vasoconstriction and can cause premature detachment of the placenta, rupture of the fetal bladder and the occurrence of premature birth are possible.

In the cabin of the plane, it is best for the expectant mother to take a seat in the first row or near the aisle, this will enable the pregnant woman to stretch her legs so that they do not become numb. During the flight, the back of the seat should be lowered and taken into a comfortable position, with small pillows under the neck and lower back. During the flight, a pregnant woman is advised to periodically get up and walk around the cabin to prevent the appearance of congestion in the veins of the legs; light leg exercises should be performed, making rotational movements with the feet and moving toes. Doctors recommend using shaping (anti-varicose) stockings during the flight. Considering that the air is dry in the aircraft cabin, a pregnant woman needs to drink more liquid (tea, juice, water) during the flight.

Sunburn while traveling

On vacation, it is useful for a pregnant woman to sunbathe, since under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is produced, which is needed for the development of the unborn baby. It is important for a pregnant woman to remember that she should not be in the open sun for a long time. Prolonged sunbathing adversely affects the work of the heart and blood vessels, can provoke bleeding and increase the manifestation of varicose veins. Doctors do not recommend sunbathing from 12 to 16 hours. The least dangerous time for sunbathing is before 11 am and from 4 pm. It is recommended to sunbathe in the shade for a pregnant woman. The swimsuit should be as closed as possible, the expectant mother should make sure that the stomach does not overheat. While sunbathing, a pregnant woman should drink more fluids, be sure to have a hat, and if possible, use special sunscreen for pregnant women. During rest, a woman should not only not overheat in the sun, but should also take care not to overcool. In case of hypothermia, the expectant mother needs to take all measures to warm up as soon as possible - you can take a bath with warm water and drink hot tea.

Culinary dishes

A pregnant woman should remember that when arriving in unfamiliar countries and places, you should not try new culinary dishes. This is due to the fact that allergic reactions to exotic fruits and local dishes (oysters; shellfish, etc.) are possible. If the expectant mother wants to choose a vacation in Cyprus, Crete or Turkey, then the best time for travel will be spring or autumn, and not a hot summer. In March or April, the air temperature in these areas is 25-28 ° C, there is no large influx of tourists, as in summer, during the peak season. And if the sea water is cool, then each hotel has a pool with heated water. When traveling abroad, a pregnant woman must definitely find out whether medical insurance is included in travel documents and whether medical care during pregnancy is included in this insurance policy.

Insects on a journey

If a pregnant woman does not risk (or does not have the opportunity) to go abroad, she can, for the benefit of herself and the future baby, relax in her native land - in the country or with relatives in the village. Fresh air and walks in the woods will have a beneficial effect on her well-being. Being in the country or in nature, the expectant mother should protect herself from the bites of various insects (bees, bumblebees, wasps), which can cause the development of allergic reactions. In the first-aid kit of a pregnant woman, there must be antiallergic drugs. The expectant mother should remember that long-distance travel and related rest should bring positive emotions and joy.

Some women are accustomed to spending weekends or vacations on the road. They do not want to change long-term traditions, even being in an "interesting position." And yet the responsibility for the two raises doubts about the expediency of travel. What do doctors advise in such situations? How do they feel about the moving of expectant mothers? What are the recommendations for long-distance travel?

When you can travel

Obstetricians-gynecologists do not recommend that expectant mothers travel far in the first trimester of carrying a baby. The reason is simple - during this period, the organs and systems of the crumbs are laid, sometimes they exist. Therefore, a change in climate and a long stay in a sitting position during the trip itself can negatively affect the well-being of a pregnant woman, development in the womb of the baby.

The best time for traveling for expectant mothers is the second trimester, 14-26 weeks of the term. At this time, early toxicosis and his morning sickness, reaction to odors are behind. Immunity is no longer so weak, and the body has managed to adapt to the new situation. It is also convenient that the woman's belly is not yet so big and does not interfere with movement. But in the third trimester, doctors do not advise planning long trips. There is a risk at this time. And surely not a single woman wants her child to be born on a train, plane, car.

By the way, it is useful to know that cases related to pregnancy and childbirth are not covered by health insurance.

In any case, before going somewhere, even if the distance is short, it is worth discussing it with your gynecologist.

About travel bans

  1. Aggravation of allergic reactions and chronic diseases.
  2. Low location of the placenta. It raises the risk of uterine bleeding.
  3. Nephropathy and gestosis.

If a woman has such conditions, then it is better for her to be at home or under the supervision of a doctor in a hospital.

Also, the recommendations of gynecologists relate to the choice of the country that the expectant mother is going to visit. Experts advise against planning trips to countries in Africa, Asia, Cuba, Mexico. It's far enough away and the climate is completely different. And expectant mothers do not need stress on the body due to acclimatization. And the specific infectious diseases of those countries are an additional risk for women.

Preference should be given to the Baltic countries, France, Croatia, Spain, Switzerland.

What transport to travel

The plane is the fastest mode of transport. However, it should be borne in mind that during takeoff and landing, atmospheric pressure changes dramatically. For a pregnant woman, this is fraught, at best, with vasoconstriction, and at worst -. If, among other types of transport, you still chose an airplane, then try to change your body position, do exercises for your legs to avoid stagnation.

The train is not a bad option. But it is better to buy a ticket in a compartment or CB. The shelf of the expectant mother is lower. For the road, you need to stock up on a sufficient amount of disinfectant wipes. The car is good because you can periodically stop, change the position of the body. It is better to do this every 200 kilometers. Sitting pregnant is recommended in the back seat. There you can take a horizontal position if you wish. Place a pillow under your back.

The seat belts should not squeeze the abdomen when seated. In the car, a cooler bag with drinking water or other drinks, snacks will be useful.

Whatever transport you choose for the trip, when you get to the place, you need to have a good rest, sleep, lie down. It would be nice to measure blood pressure, pulse. You need to listen to your well-being throughout your vacation. It is important to keep in touch with your gynecologist.

So, the choice of the type of transport depends on the duration of the trip. It is necessary to think over all its details in advance in order to be able to truly enjoy the sun, sea, mountains, fresh air for the benefit of yourself and your baby.

Of course, every pregnant woman should take care of her health, as well as the correct development of the unborn baby. Now you have to give up a lot so as not to harm your future baby. But many women are concerned about the question of whether it is possible to combine pregnancy and travel. Let's try to figure it out. Of course, there are no specific contraindications for this, and it all depends on your ongoing pregnancy. In this matter, it is worth considering the prescribed recommendations of your doctor, if he does not see any threat in going on a trip, then, as they say, a good journey!

So, travel during pregnancy is not contraindicated in cases where your pregnancy is proceeding normally, without any deviations.

If you are still going to go somewhere, then you should take into account some recommendations.

Avoid traveling to exotic countries with very hot climates. Of course, a trip to the sea will be the best choice, but choose resorts with a suitable climate, habitat, cuisine and other things that are familiar to you. During pregnancy, it is worth giving up such extreme activities as diving, rafting, skiing and other similar options. Give your preference to a calm and relaxing stay.

What type of transport should you choose to travel without risking your health and the health of your unborn baby? In principle, in the early stages of pregnancy, you can choose any type of transport, if, again, there are no contraindications from your doctor. Traveling by car while pregnant will also be a normal option for getting out and about.


If you are going, then do not forget to stock up on a map of the area, emergency phone numbers, as well as the necessary documents that may come in handy (for example, a generic card, which contains all the information about your pregnancy).

But in the last stages of pregnancy, it is better to completely abandon air travel and travel by rail. Now labor activity can begin at any time, and while on a trip, you most likely will not be able to provide timely medical assistance.

So, traveling in the early stages of pregnancy is not dangerous if there are no special contraindications from your doctor. Remember that it is better to refuse to travel to distant countries. Traveling elsewhere is not recommended in late pregnancy. Do not forget that proper and complete rest will bring health, as well as unforgettable emotions and impressions.