10.01.09 12:24

A laboratory analysis of the soil discovered a precious metal in the very center of the city

Soil samples taken from a pit on Borsoev Street, where the construction of the Buryat business center is underway, showed the presence of gold in sufficient quantities for its industrial production. If such an amount of gold, as in this sample, is inherent in the entire land of Ulan-Ude, then 20 grams of gold is contained in each ton of the capital's land.

The scientists of Buryatia do not exclude the possibility that there may be alluvial gold in the vicinity of Ulan-Ude. According to geologists from the Buryatgeocenter, earlier, 40 years ago, during construction, all pits and ditches were documented by the Geological Administration to assess the barrenness and radiation safety. 20 years ago, an ecological and geochemical survey of Ulan-Ude was carried out for the presence of pollution in the soil, and, among other things, secondary gold halos were identified. But no one was specifically looking for gold in Ulan-Ude.

We decided to search for gold on our own in the capital of Buryatia and took a soil sample at a construction site on Borsoev Street. The soil was sent to the state enterprise "Republican Analytical Center", a certified laboratory that conducts this kind of analysis. The results surprised not only us, but also the laboratory staff. The test showed the content of gold in the sample at the level of 20 grams per ton. Of course, this does not mean that one should rush to gold mining in the city.

One sample for a serious conversation about the field is not enough. Hundreds, if not thousands, of such samples are needed. However, the fact that the first random handful of earth contained such an amount of gold can speak volumes. However, the geologists with whom we discussed this issue put forward an interesting explanation for the presence of gold in the sample.

100 years ago, the first gold-bearing map of the surroundings of Verkhneudinsk was compiled. On it, many padi were "gilded": they showed the gold content sufficient for industrial production. All plots were purchased from prospectors by merchants. However, the initial attempts to deploy the Klondike near Verkhneudinsk were unsuccessful. It turned out that cunning miners, for fidelity, "salted" padi with gold - they shot left and right at them with golden sand instead of shot, in order to sell their applications to merchants for sure. Experts at the site washed "grains", and this was enough for the deal to take place. In this way, the miners made huge money on the land that had grown in value. The first attempts of merchants to "take the gold to the mountain" and shed light on the "pre-sale preparation" of the plots by the miners.

What used to be the outskirts of Verkhneudinsk, today is the center of the city of Ulan-Ude. Is the gold "salting" of prospectors still making itself felt?

The story of gold shot, the "divorce" of merchants then became a household word, and all attempts to explore, pan for gold in the vicinity of Verkhneudinsk for industrial production were met with bias and were stopped. But if the industrialists and merchants abandoned these attempts, rightly fearing for their authority in the local community, simply not wanting to look like "suckers", then loners who did not care about secular rumors had their own reason. The city was founded as a prison at the intersection of trade routes. The place was chosen with a good view and near the water. In the vicinity of the prison, and even on trade routes, where there are a lot of dashing people, neither a single prospector, nor an artel will ever wash gold. The miners always went away from the "vein", where the risk of being attacked is always higher, away from human eyes.

That is, no one has ever really looked for gold in the territory of the capital of Buryatia and in its environs. This tradition continued in Soviet times. Perhaps we should break it now?

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Many people sometimes wonder where to find gold. For the past few years, Russia has been ranked 5th in the world in terms of the amount of gold produced. For many Russians today, the search for gold is becoming a matter of life and a good source of income. Finding a gold nugget is a great happiness for a passionate gold prospector.

History of gold mining in Russia

The history of the extraction of this mineral in Russia dates back several centuries. Russia has been in search of gold nuggets since 1719, when Peter the Great issued a decree on the start of gold prospecting. Back in the distant 18th century, the inhabitants of our country wondered how to find gold.

The precious metal was first found at the beginning of the 18th century in Eastern Transbaikalia. The next place where the search for gold nuggets was crowned with success was Altai. But in these places, the metal was obtained not from gold deposits, but from deposits of silver-lead ores. It was possible to find native gold only after many years in the Urals. It happened in the area of ​​modern Yekaterinburg. In May 1745, an ordinary peasant Erofey Sidorovich found gold, who decided to build a house for himself. He showed his friend the found gold. A friend worked as a silversmith. He realized that the gold nugget was real. Specialists arrived at the place of discovery and continued the search with tools. But, unfortunately, then they could not find anything. Only after a long time the search continued at this place. The gold diggers decided to dig a mine, and then the search was crowned with success. A gold mine was opened on this territory, which received the name "Original".

"Gold Rush" in Russia and America

In the 1920s, when people realized that finding this fossil was a very real task, a real gold rush began in Russia. Mamin-Sibiryak described her very well in his novel "Gold". Since the middle of the 19th century, experts have found the answer to the question of where to look for gold, and dense mining began in many regions of our country: in Altai, in the Nerchinsk district, in the Belgorod region, in the region of many Siberian rivers: the Yenisei, Kolyma, Lena, Amur and many others.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the number of gold deposits in Russia totaled 5800. About 75% of all deposits today are located in Siberia and the Far East of the country. The largest volumes are mined in the Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk Territories, Irkutsk, Amur, Sverdlovsk, Magadan Regions, the Republic of Sakha and Buryatia, as well as in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

At the end of the 19th century, the gold rush also swept America. In 1896, the New World was shocked by the news that a large deposit had been discovered in the Klondike region. The whole country has gathered where the gold is. From there, in less than 100 years, 390 tons of precious metal were exported, the value of which is approximately 4.4 billion US dollars. Then the news about places rich in this valuable mineral overtook America at the moment of the deepest crisis. The country then experienced a huge number of bankruptcies, because the economy suffered from stock market fluctuations. Thousands of people went to Alaska in search of gold nuggets. As a result, the gold rush had a good effect on the development of the economy of Western Canada, Alaska, and the northwestern part of the United States.

Mining devices

To start mining, you need to purchase some equipment:

1. Metal detector. Today it is not difficult to buy a metal detector. They are sold in every city, they can also be ordered in the online store. Metal detectors differ in characteristics. They have different working purity, detection depth, device power supply, discrimination quality, i.e. the ability to distinguish between metals.
2. Tester. This is a device that determines the content of precious metal in an alloy within 5 seconds.
3. Gold probe. These devices run on electricity. They have tentacles with high sensitivity. With their help, you can search for metal at the bottom of the river and in other hard-to-reach places. If we find nests of gold, the light on the device will signal this. When we search with a probe, the process becomes many times faster and better.
4. Trays. Devices for filtering water in streams in order to find out the presence of gold in it.

Gold mining technologies

There are three main methods for finding gold:

1. Extraction with the help of a dredge. This is a gold mining machine designed to wash water from the river. It is based on the principle of a tray, but there are a lot of trays on it. However, the dredge has a deplorable effect on the environment, destroying rivers.
2. Extraction by gravitational differentiation. The technology consists in grinding rock containing metal. After grinding, the entire mass is placed in a special centrifuge, in which the metal is separated from the rest of the mass.
3. Metal detector. On average, it is believed that only 5 kg of pure gold falls on a ton of land. Thus, gold mining is a rather unprofitable event. However, there are deposits in which the gold content is much higher. You can find such deposits using a metal detector.

Mining with a metal detector

If earlier a mineral was mined without a metal detector, then in 1996 special devices appeared in Russia, with which it became much easier to go in search of gold nuggets. Like many years ago, people who are looking for gold are concerned about the question of where to look for gold. Every year many people set off in search of gold nuggets. If the trip for gold is successful, you can significantly increase your fortune. To date, the cost of one gram of 375 samples is 980 rubles, 500 samples - 1280 rubles, and 583/585 - 1850 rubles. As you can see, gold mining is a very profitable business. Where is the maximum gold found?

The best place to mine gold

Many people ask if there is gold in the mountains? The answer is unequivocal - yes, there is. Mountain streams are a very “fishy” place for gold miners. Neither the sea, nor the swamp, nor the rivers provide so many opportunities for gold miners. Gold mining in streams is a very good solution. Metal gets into them from mountain slopes. All lighter rocks are carried out by water, and gold, due to its gravity, accumulates and forms gold-bearing placers. In Russia, a record amount of gold is found in mountain streams. In search of gold nuggets, gold miners turn to rafts - these are bedrocks that lie under the pebbles of the stream. Gold is deposited there. The raft, located under the pebbles of the stream, stores the largest gold nuggets. Above the raft, of course, there is also gold, but in much smaller quantities. The higher the distance from the raft, the less likely it is to find gold.

When searching for gold with a metal detector, it becomes difficult that sometimes it is so deep that it is not possible to get it with a metal detector. Therefore, you need to choose places where the raft is as close to the surface as possible. Often such places are found in the form of rocks. There are many such people in Buryatia, for example. The surface of the rocks was once the bottom of a stream, but after the stream created a deeper channel. By the way, it will also be useful to examine the territory of the rocks above the water at a height of up to 15-20 m. Gold deposits in the cracks of the rocks will help to easily identify the metal detector. If there are no obvious rocks, it is recommended to explore the entire stream in the hope of good luck. By the way, there are criteria by which it is possible to determine the probability of finding gold in a stream. A concrete sign of the presence of gold in the stream is a large number of pebbles and quartz boulders. Gold is often found in quartz veins.

There is another technique for determining whether gold can be found in a stream - washing. This is an old way of searching for gold. Washing should be done about 500 m above the mouth. Washing is carried out in a special tray. If at least one piece of gold was found in the tray during washing, it means that there is a high probability of finding gold in this place. But the tray is not a 100% diagnostic method, since large pieces of gold do not fall into it, but only small grains. To search in streams, you need to use more sensitive metal detectors, such as EurekaGold, SD2200, GP3000.

Is there gold in the earth?

Gold prospectors are concerned about the question of whether gold can be found in the ground. The experts say yes. Under the earth is stored a myriad of wealth. What are the ways to extract gold from underground? First, you can search with a metal detector equipped with a special discriminator, a device that helps identify precious metals. But, in addition to the classical method, some people go in search of gold without professional equipment, relying on miraculous devices like vines. The vine is a kind of pendulum, which allegedly changes the nature of the movement when approaching the treasured place with gold. But such mining methods are far from scientific. Of course, it is better to go in search, armed with special tools, and not rely on magic.

The State Duma received a draft law allowing individual entrepreneurs to be allowed to mine alluvial gold in areas that do not have industrial significance. The corresponding bill was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on September 20. In Buryatia, a possible innovation is only welcome

According to the draft law, the extraction of precious metals by private individuals will be allowed in depleted industrial sites, loose deposits and small deposits with reserves of up to 10-15 kilograms of gold.

As the developers of the bill, members of the Federation Council, point out, there are currently thousands of sites in Russia where gold reserves are less than ten kilograms. For industrial production, they are of no interest, however, private entrepreneurs could continue to wash the gold left after the mining of placers.

The development of such small objects is economically feasible only by individual entrepreneurs in the conditions of a simplified procedure for access to subsoil and preferential taxation, the document says.

According to Georgy Yalovik, the head of the department for subsoil use in Buryatia, several regions have a problem associated with the free supply of gold. These are the Magadan region, the republics of Buryatia, Sakha and the Trans-Baikal Territory.

This topic has been raised for a long time, not for the first ten years. Let's say that what seems unprofitable for carrying out some kind of exploitation work on placer gold of technogenic deposits by large enterprises, then in this case it will be a rather big step in terms of free supply, - Georgy Yalovik said in an interview with Baikal-Daily.

Permission for private gold mining, he said, will solve the problem of employment. If we take, for example, the north of the Bauntovsky district, then the main part of the population there is engaged in the extraction of alluvial gold deposits. Also, the adoption of this law, according to the developers, will increase revenues to the budget of the Russian Federation at the expense of taxes from miners, increase gold production and remove part of the precious metals market from criminal circulation. By the way, at the moment, illegal gold mining in the country is estimated at more than ten tons per year, which is about ten percent of the total production in the country.

For Buryatia, this law is relevant, since there are enough such sites on the territory, said the head of the subsoil use department.

We, together with the government of the republic, are trying, we have been raising this problem for more than a year, because this is a serious, urgent problem, - Georgiy Yalovik emphasized. - And there will be enough individual entrepreneurs who want to do this, I think.

In order for individual entrepreneurs to be able to mine gold, according to the authors of the law, it is necessary to simplify the procedures for access to subsoil for Russian citizens, issue them without a tender (auction) simplified licenses for the use of sites, introduce a simplified taxation system for them, as well as a simplified procedure for accepting gold.

Now the individual mining of gold, silver and non-ferrous metals, which existed in Tsarist Russia, and even in the Soviet Union until 1954 inclusive, is prohibited in our country.

Recall that the leaders of the gold-bearing regions are especially zealously promoting the bill. Two years ago, the Governor of the Magadan Region, Nikolai Dudov, proposed to legally allow Russian citizens access to gold mining, allocating natural persons subsoil plots that are not of interest for industrial exploitation. In May 2010, at a meeting with President Dmitry Medvedev, he again proposed to make appropriate changes to the legislation, and on May 13, 2010, the President instructed the Federation Council to "work out the issue."

The law is relevant not only for Magadan, but also for the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Amur, Irkutsk, Chita regions, Buryatia, Tuva, Yakutia, Chukotka, reports the United Russian Portal. baikal-daily.ru/news/16/15175/

The deposits are located in Okinsky, Bauntovsky, Muysky, Severobaikalsky, Eravninsky and Zakamensky districts. Gold reserves amount to 100.7 tons, predicted resources of ore gold are estimated at 1311 tons. 56% of gold is in primary deposits.

Zun-Kholbinskoye field (Okinsky district). It has been developed since 1987. Mineralization is represented by vein-like bodies and mineralized zones, traced to a depth of 1000 m. The ores are gold-quartz-sulfide, the average gold content is 12.5 r/t, there are few harmful impurities. The ores are easily enriched according to the gravity-flotation scheme. Nearby are the Barun-Kholbinskoye and Zun-Ospinskoye deposits. The Konevinskoye and Zegen-Golskoye are being prepared for operation.

Irokindinskoye deposit (Muysky district), Easily enriched poor-sulfide ores The distribution of gold in quartz veins is extremely uneven. The Kedrovskoye deposit is located 18 km away.

Alluvial gold reserves account for 18%. Most of the deposits are located in the Bauntovsky, less - in the Muysky, Zakamensky, Severobaikalsky, Eravninsky, Khorinsky, Pribaikalsky, Dzhidinsky and Okinsky districts. The largest placer deposits are: Nerunda (Levaya Mama basin), Vitimkon, Tsipikan, Bolshoi Kavyktykon (Tsipikan basin), Top of Chiny, Myrgen-Sheno.

Production started at the Nerundinskoye field in the Severobaikalsky district.

Troitskoye deposit (Bauntovsky district). Prepared for operation. The ores are low-sulfide gold-quartz-carbonate. Gold is large, up to 6.5 mm.

Silver

In Buryatia, silver is an associated component of 16 deposits: 12 gold ore deposits and 4 complex polymetallic ones. 97% of silver reserves are concentrated in currently undeveloped polymetallic deposits. In gold mines, it is extracted along the way.

Platinum group metals

The most promising Yoko-Dovyren massif in the Severobaikalsky region, combining sulfide platinum-metal-copper-nickel ores in the bottom part (platinum up to 0.52 g/t; palladium up to 3.68 g/t; ruthenium up to 0.34 g/t; rhodium up to 0.48 g/t) with low sulfide platinum-metal mineralization in the middle part (platinum up to 4.1 r/t, palladium up to 7.8 g/t).

In the Muya region, in separate placers (Adian Kelyansky and Adyan Paramsky), osmium and iridium minerals accounted for up to 10% of the volume of alluvial gold. Natural alloys of osmium and iridium are noted during the mining of gold placers in the Zakamensky region.

In the Eastern Sayan Mountains, in the chromites of the Ospinsky type of the rebasite massif, elevated contents were noted: platinum - up to 1.24 g / t, palladium - up to 0.89 r / t, osmium - up to 1.18 g / t, iridium - up to 0.34 g /t and ruthenium - up to 0.73 g/t.

Non-ferrous metals

Lead and zinc

Large complex pyrite-polymetallic deposits with high quality ores are Kholodninskoye and Ozernoye, as well as medium-sized ones - Nazarovskoye gold-zinc and Dovatkinskoye lead-zinc. The first three are being prepared for operation.

Kholodninskoye deposit (Severobaikalsky district) is the largest lead-zinc deposit in Russia (11.2% of lead reserves, 34.1% of zinc reserves). Represented by three large contiguous steeply dipping ore deposits. In pyrite-polymetallic ores, the average content of lead is 0.68%, zinc - 4.33%, sulfur - 20.76%, associated components - silver, gold, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, copper, indium, selenium, thallium. There are also pyrite ores. In the vicinity, lead-zinc ore occurrences have been identified: Galenptovoe, Kalakachanskoe, Iokskoe, Rybachye. Ondokskoye, Ozernoye, Kosmonavtov, Avgolskoye, Bolshechuyskoye, Elk.

Ozernoe deposit (Eravnnnsky district). The most common are lead-zinc pyrite ores - 70% of the reserves, in which the average content of lead is 1.1%, zinc - 0.2%. Spderite and barite mineralization, magnetite skarns have been established. In siderite ores, the average content of iron is 30.68% and manganese is 3.91%.

The Nazarovskoye field is located near Ozernoye. Attractively compactly located rich ore deposits with gold grade up to 4 g/t.

The Dovatka deposit (Khorpnsky district) is represented by disconnected linear ore bodies and deposits. Ores consist of 50-90% magnetite, 5-40% - sphalerite and galena. The average content of the sum of lead and zinc ranges from 10 to 21%, silver - 140-165 g/t.

Tungsten

Tungsten reserves are concentrated in the Dzhida geological and economic region in 8 deposits (3 primary deposits, which make up 98% of the explored reserves, and 5 alluvial deposits). There are also promising projects in other areas. Until 1997, tungsten was mined by the Dzhidinsk tungsten-molybdenum plant at the Inkurskoye and Kholtosonskoye deposits.

The Holtoson deposit is the largest vein-type wolframite deposit in Russia, the ores correspond to the best deposits in the world and do not contain harmful impurities. The deposit was developed from 1934 to 1996. More than 60 thousand tons were mined. Estimated reserves are 32.5 thousand tons, with the prospects of their build-up remaining at almost all horizons.

The Inkurskoe deposit is a typical stockwork of quartz-scheelite-hubnerpt composition in quartz jurites. The deposit was explored in detail to a depth of 400 m. From 1973 to 1996. about 35 million tons were mined. The deposits are being prepared for the resumption of exploitation. Inkurskaya and other tungsten placers were periodically worked out.

During the operation of the mines and the processing plant, a significant amount of mine dumps and wastes (tailings) of the processing plants have been accumulated on the industrial site of the enterprise. Of greatest interest is the Barun-Naryn deposit of technogenic deposits accumulated in a tailing dam with an area of ​​more than 1 km 2 . 9.1 million tons of uneven-grained and silty sands containing 14270 tons of W0 3 0.156% have been explored. In addition, the tailings contain elevated concentrations of gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, and bismuth. The exploitation of the deposit has begun.

At 75 km from Zakamensk, the Buluktaevskoye tungsten deposit with associated molybdenum, beryllium and fluorite was explored, and during the war years, the Buluktaevskoye tungsten deposit was mined.

Promising tungsten-bearing areas are Ikat-Bagdarnnsysh (Angokptskoye deposit, Snezhnoye and Amolskoye ore occurrence) and Kurbino-Eravninsky (Olanskoye ore occurrence).

Molybdenum

Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant at the Pervomaiskoye deposit in 1941-1972. 30 million tons of ore were mined, from

which received 17 thousand tons of molybdenum concentrate. The deposit has been completely mined out, but several millions of oxidized ores with a molybdenum content of 0.05-0.12% have been stored in the quarry area, which can be exploited.

The Orekntkan molybdenum deposit of the stockwork type in the Bauntovsky district, one of the largest in Russia, is being prepared for development, with 30% of ores classified as rich (up to 0.15% of molybdenum). Associated - tungsten, beryllium, rhenium, tellurium, selenium. The deposit is being studied as a possible gold-molybdenum deposit.

Preparations are under way for exploitation of the Zharchikhinsky molybdenum deposit (Tarbagatai district). According to preliminary exploration data, reserves were calculated in the open pit contour to a depth of 365 m with a total molybdenum content of 0.091%, sulfide content of 0.08%.

The Malo-Oinogorskoe deposit (the area will become stoned) is a large steeply dipping deposit of vein-disseminated ores.

Article needs to be improved

“Gold rules the world” – these words from the recent past are still relevant today. “Ducats shine in the eyes” is a sure sign of the gold rush that has taken possession of a person. Pirates and conquistadors, kings and emperors, greedy bankers and oligarchs, treasure hunters and, of course, pioneer prospectors - modern garimpeiros are subject to this virtual disease. The gold rush epidemic has always accompanied the "gold boom" - the next discovery of a large gold province. At the end of the century before last and the beginning of the last century, one boom was replaced by another. After California, the boom hit Alaska and northern Canada; for South Africa and Australia. The boom was accompanied by a noticeable migration of the male half of humanity. Prospectors obsessed with gold rush, armed with a pick and a shovel, brigades and one by one moved to the place of discovery of the next gold-bearing region in the hope of good luck. The boom suddenly exploded, then gradually subsided; lone miners were supplanted by medium and large mining companies, which, in the end, were absorbed by the sharks of the gold business of our time - supercorporations. In our time, they divided all the gold in the world into approximately equal shares.

In 1850-1870, the "gold rush" reached the territory of Russia and engulfed the whole of Eastern Siberia - rich placers of gold were discovered in the Barguzin taiga, Bodaibo, Aldan, Dauria, and immediately numerous mines began to appear. Intensive settlement of lands in Transbaikalia and the Amur region began. In the same period, the first studies of the geology of Transbaikalia, Yakutia and the Far East were carried out. And the discovery of the Karalon mines in the Muya taiga (1898) attracted a new mass of miners here. Thus, on the territory of the modern Republic of Buryatia, gold mining began, mainly from rich placers. The amount of gold mined from them steadily increased until 1914. The First World War, a series of revolutions, a protracted civil war in Transbaikalia, accompanied by a wave of banditry, did not contribute to the development of gold mining.

In the Soviet years, gold mining was carried out almost exclusively from placers and did not exceed 1.5-2 tons per year. Since 1939, the search for primary sources of placers began in Buryatia. As a result, the Kedrovskoye deposit was first discovered (1940), then Zun-Kholba (1955) and in 1959 Irokinda.

In 1991, with the establishment of CJSC Buryatzoloto, work on the development of the main ore deposits of the Republic - Zun-Kholby and Irokinda reached a new qualitative level. In 1995, Buryatzoloto became an open joint stock company and, immediately after that, 30% of the company's shares were sold to the Canadian company High River Gold (HRG) through a public auction. By 2005, HRG had increased its stake in Buryatzoloto to 85%. OJSC Buryatzoloto is now managed by the Russian Severstal-resurs, which at the end of 2008 became the owner of a 53% stake in HRG. In addition to Zun-Kholba and Irokinda, HRG owns the placers of the Tsipikan river valley. With the commissioning of the Zun-Kholbinsky mine (1994), production in Buryatia increased sharply to 5.0 tons, and then for five years did not exceed the level of 4.5-4.6 tons per year.

In 1997 the development of the Kedrovskoye deposit of OAO "Artel of Prospectors" Zapadnaya" began. Between 2000 and 2011, the ratio of ore and placer gold production changed from 61% and 39% to 80% and 20%, respectively. Thus, at present, most of the gold in Buryatia is mined from primary deposits. Over the entire period under review, more than 200 tons of gold were mined in Buryatia.

This review article is based on data available to the author, published in scientific and periodical press, Internet sources, as well as author's expert assessments. The main goal of this work is to assess the prospects for the development of gold mining in the Republic of Buryatia for the near and medium term (10–15 years).

Rice. 1. Location of the main gold deposits on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia.

Brief information about Buryatia (Data from the official portal of the government of the Republic of Buryatia (http://egov-buryatia.ru).

The Republic of Buryatia is a subject of the Russian Federation and is part of the Siberian Federal District. The administrative, economic and cultural center of the republic is the city of Ulan-Ude. The distance by rail from Ulan-Ude to Moscow is 5519 km, and to the Pacific Ocean - 3500 km. The area of ​​the Republic of Buryatia is 351.3 thousand sq. km. Buryatia is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, south and east of Lake Baikal. In the south, the Republic of Buryatia borders on Mongolia, in the southwest - on the Republic of Tyva, in the northwest - on the Irkutsk region, in the east - on the Trans-Baikal Territory (Fig. 1).

There are 21 municipal districts on the territory of the republic. The population is 974.3 thousand people, the average population density is 3.0 people. per 1 sq. km. The urban population is about 60% of the total population of the republic, the rural population is about 40%, about 30% of the population of the republic lives in the capital of the republic. The indigenous population of the republic are Buryats, Evenks and Soyots. The national composition of the republic, according to the 1989 census, was as follows: Russians - 70%, Buryats - 24%, Ukrainians - 2.2%, other nationalities - 3.8%.

The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental, with cold winters and hot summers. On the territory of Buryatia there is a large part (about 60% of the coastline) of Lake Baikal - the deepest freshwater lake in the world. Baikal is 636 km long and 25 to 79 km wide. The total length of the Baikal coastline is 2100 km, and the water area is 31.5 thousand sq.m. The maximum depth is 1637 m, the average depth is 730 m. Baikal is a natural reservoir of one fifth of the world's fresh water reserves of the highest quality.

Geological structure and metallogeny

The uniqueness of the geological structure of the territory of Buryatia is associated with its location in the Central Asian (Mongol-Okhotsk) folded belt, with a wide development of granite rocks (the Angara-Vitim granite batholith is one of the largest in the world, with an outcrop area in the north of Buryatia of more than 100,000 sq. km), the presence of an intracontinental rift zone, in which the pearl of Russia is located - the unique Baikal.

Geologically, Buryatia is a very heterogeneous territory. Almost its entire area is composed of crystalline rocks that come to the surface or are covered with a cover of loose Quaternary deposits. Metamorphic rocks of the highest stage of metamorphism compose separate massifs or blocks: Severo-Muiskaya. South Muiskaya. Amalatskaya. Baikal. Khamar-Dabanskaya, and finally, a series of boulders - both narrow, elongated, and short, isometric - in the Eastern Sayan. On the folded Baikal-Caledonian basement there are strata partly related to the Upper Paleozoic, but mainly to the Lower and Middle Mesozoic. Buryatia is a country of igneous rocks, which occupy almost 50% of the area of ​​the entire republic. Their abundance, petrographic and geological diversity, various contact effects on host rocks, hydrothermal activity associated with intrusions led to the formation of numerous ore occurrences and deposits in the territory of Buryatia (gold, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, titanium, iron, asbestos, fluorite, graphite, etc.). ).

The main gold deposits of Buryatia are concentrated within two regions - East Sayansky and South Muysky. The region of the Eastern Sayan is a very complex fold-block structure, composed of ancient metamorphosed rocks, with a wide development of intrusive formations. Within the area, 9 gold-bearing zones were identified, confined to large tectonic faults, and 15 ore fields within their boundaries.

Geologically, the South Muya region is very complex. The main structural unit of the region is the South-Muya Archean block, bounded from the west by the Kilyano-Irokinda and from the east by the Tuldunskaya mobile zones of deep faults. At the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse fault zones, structural nodes were formed, to which the main gold ore fields are confined. There are five gold ore zones and more than 10 ore fields in the region. The Irokinda ore field is entirely located within the South Muya block. To the east of the block is the Kedrovskoye ore field, to the west - Petelinskoye, to the south of Vitimskoye and Tilishinskoye. Alluvial placers are widely developed in the region, which have been mined for more than 150 years by prospectors.

The prospects for the discovery of new gold deposits of various genetic and morphological types are: Okinsky, Bauntovsky, Severo-Baikalsky, Muysky and Zakamensky geological and economic regions. The metallogenic analysis of the resource potential of these areas allows us to confidently predict the discovery of at least 5–6 large and a number of medium-sized deposits of ore gold.

Buryatia, occupying a little more than 2 percent of the area of ​​Russia, contains a large gold potential in its bowels. In terms of balance reserves of gold, the Republic of Buryatia ranks 14th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Alluvial gold reserves make up 16.4%, ore gold - 53.7%. About 30% of gold reserves are contained in complex polymetallic deposits, which are not currently being developed. The distributed fund contains 100% of ore gold reserves and 70.5% of alluvial gold. The least attractive for mining placer deposits remained in the unallocated fund - small, remote, with low metal content and buried placers. The balance reserves of gold in Buryatia are recorded in 304 deposits, including 282 alluvial; 19 indigenous, 1 man-made and 2 complex. On the whole, as of 01.01.2010, gold reserves in the republic amounted to 100.7 tons, the tested forecast resources of ore gold are estimated at 1,311 tons, including cat. R 1 -117 t, R 2 - 448 t, R 3 - 741 t.

On the territory of the republic, the balance reserves are distributed as follows: East Sayan region - 44%, adjacent Severo-Baikal, Muisky and Ikat-Bagdarinsky regions - 43%, Dzhidinsky and Kurba-Eravnensky regions - 13%.

In addition to traditional gold deposits of the quartz-vein type and mineralized zones, new types of gold deposits are predicted on the territory of Buryatia: stockwork gold-porphyry; weathering crust deposits; gold-enriched complex deposits. According to the latest estimate by Buryatnedra, the estimated predicted resources (P4 metallogenic potential) of gold within the Republic of Buryatia amount to 4,100 tons of gold.

It should be noted that the Kurba-Eravninsky ore district also has explored reserves and resources of gold. Here, zinc ores of the Nazarovsky deposit and a number of other, less significant, objects are gold-bearing. The extraction of gold from these deposits is possible with the complex processing of ores.

Most of the alluvial deposits listed on the balance sheet have reserves of less than 200 kg. The interest of enterprises in such placers has decreased in recent years. The loss of interest of entrepreneurs in placers is due to the fact that under the existing legislation, involvement in the development of placers with reserves of less than 100-200 kg is economically unprofitable.

Main ore deposits

Currently, OJSC Buryatzoloto develops three deposits of ore gold with two mines - Zun-Kholbinskoye (Kholbinskiy mine), Irokindinskoye and Kvartsevoye (Irokindinskiy mine), which contain 95% of the reserves listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise (Fig. 1).

Deposits of the Kholbinskoye ore field, including Zun-Kholbinskoye, Barun-Kholbinskoye and Vodorazdelnoye, are located in the southeastern part of the Eastern Sayan, within the Okinsky district of Buryatia, 200 km west of the Slyudyanka railway station of the Trans-Siberian Railway and 60 km from the village of Mondy, located on the highway Slyudyanka - Kultuk MPR. The deposits of the Kholbinskaya group are confined to a single northwestern ore-controlling shear and shear zone 15 km long and 3–4 km thick. The Barun-Kholbinskoe deposit occurs in the Archean gneiss-granites in the exocontact of the granite massif and is overlain by the Proterozoic shale-carbonate stratum, screening the spread of gold mineralization. The deposit is represented by a series of parallel ore-bearing zones. The length of explored ore columns is 30–80 m along strike and 250–300 m along dip. The average gold content in them is 34.2 g/t. The Zun-Kholbinskoe deposit is controlled by the tectonic contact of Proterozoic limestones with Cambrian plagiogranites.

The Zun-Kholba deposit occurs within a narrow anticline located between two Archean intrusions. The anticline is composed of highly folded and metamorphosed Proterozoic volcanics and sedimentary rocks (limestones, sandstones, crystalline schists, and tuffs). Gold mineralization is controlled by 3 subparallel shear zones extending axially along the anticline. Gold mineralization is localized within 13 sub-vertical and echeloned gold-bearing mineralized shear zones containing quartz-sulfide veins with a strike length of 50 to 100 m. The thickness of the latter varies from 0.3 to 8 m, averaging approximately 2 m. The length of the ore bodies is approximately 3 km, and they are traced along the dip to a depth of 1 km. Gold mineralization is largely associated with quartz-sulfide veins, and also occasionally occurs in altered wall rocks. Pyrite makes up 7–8% of the volume of mineralized rocks. The gold within the ore is interspersed and very fine-grained (less than 0.07 mm).

At the Vodorazdelnoye deposit, one quartz-sulfide vein with a bonanz distribution of gold (up to 20–40 kg/t) is of commercial importance.

A mine operates at the Zun-Kholbinskoye deposit Kholbinsky and an enrichment plant with a hydrometallurgical shop (JSC Buryat-zoloto has been developing the deposit since 1991). According to the results of exploration work, the reserves amounted to 83.7 tons with an average gold grade in ores of 10.9 g/t, and taking into account the extinguished production in 1991 and 1992. – 86.0 tons. In total, about 40 tons of gold have been mined to date. In 2010, production amounted to 2030 kg, the average grade was 8.3 g/t of gold. The table summarizes the reserves and resources of the deposit (according to HRG).

Tab. 1.

To date, the reserves of the upper, mountainous part of the deposit have been practically depleted and deep mine horizons of the deposit are being developed. Due to the exploration of the estimated gold reserves of the Zun-Kholbinskoye deposit, taking into account the resulting increase in reserves, as well as the involvement in the development of nearby deposits - Granite, Samartinskoye, Levo-Samartinskoye, Pravoberezhnoye and Adjacent (with total reserves of 1728 kg), the life of the mine may be extended by 10 years. The life of the mine can also be extended by evaluating the possibility of involving the reserves of the Zun-Kholbinskoye deposit, written off in 1997 and 2002.

Mine Irokinda has been developing the deposit of the same name since 1991 and the Kvartsevoye deposit since 2000. The Irokindinskoye deposit is located in the Bauntovsky district at a distance of 50 km from the BAM, with which it is connected by a motorway. The Irokinda ore field is confined to Archean rocks represented by garnet-pyroxene, biotite-garnet, and other paragneiss. Igneous rocks of various compositions, from ultrabasic to basic, are limited within its limits. Archean metamorphic rocks form a meridional-trending syncline in the central part of the ore field with a northward dip of the axis. Gold-quartz veins are localized in extended (up to 10–12 km) tectonic shear zones. More than 100 veins have been identified in the ore field, about 20 have been explored in detail, the rest are under study. Most of the veins are characterized from the surface by poor gold content, although there are examples of explored ore columns, when large and rich ore bodies were represented on the surface by veinlets with poor mineralization. The veins are discontinuous in the structures, their length is from 60 m to 1500 m and the thickness is from 0.1 m to 5 m. In the areas of bulges, the veins often contain xenoliths of host rocks. Ore columns within the veins do not exceed 30–120 m in strike and 250 m in dip. The boundaries of the columns are determined by the results of sampling. The ore composition is simple, essentially quartz with an admixture of sulfides up to 0.5%. But in exceptional cases (zh. Osinovaya), the number of the latter can reach 5-6%. Gold in the ores is free, the average size of gold particles is 2-3 mm, fineness varies from 560-850. The average grades in ore columns for the Irokindinskoye deposit are: gold 28.0 g/t, silver 37.7 g/t. 16 ore bodies are mined. In total, about 30 tons of gold have been mined at the mine so far. The gold reserves of the Irokinda deposit after exploration amounted to 9.3 tons with an average gold grade of 23.1 g/t. During 1991–2002, the mine produced 13.9 tons of gold at the deposit. During the same period, as a result of geological exploration work, JSC Buryatzoloto received an increase in reserves - 16.4 tons, thereby providing the Irokindinsky mine with a simple reproduction of the mineral resource base. In 2010, production amounted to 2160 kg, the average gold grade was 8.3 g/t. The table summarizes the reserves and resources of the deposit (according to HRG):

Tab. 2.

With the maximum gold production level of 2,200 kg reached, the proven reserves of the Irokindinsky mine are no more than 3 years. The period of existence of this enterprise can be increased due to the successful continuation of prospecting, appraisal and exploration work on the area of ​​the Irokinda ore cluster, which includes the Irokinda, Petelinsky and Tilishma ore fields. The predicted gold resources in this area, previously tested by TsNIGRI as of 01.07.03, total 141.5 tons, incl. cat. Р1 –15.5 t, cat. P2 - 60 t and cat. P3 - 66 tons.

Mine Kedrovsky has been developing the field of the same name since 1997. The Kedrovskoye deposit is located in the Bauntovsky district at a distance of 50 km from the Shivery BAM station and the village. Vitim, which is connected by a highway. The deposit was explored during 1944–1961. Gold-bearing quartz veins and near-vein metasomatites. The type of ores is poor sulfide quartz and quartz-sulfide. The resulting reserves amounted to about 6 tons of gold at an average grade of 16 g/t. In 1954–1960, experimental mining of the Barguzinskaya-1 vein was carried out. However, there is no information about the amount of gold mined. More than 100 veins are known within the Kedrovskoe ore field. The distribution of gold in the ores of the Kedrovskoye ore field is very uneven - ore columns in the veins are replaced by vast areas with low metal content. There are known cases of discovery of nuggets weighing up to 300 g (Osinovaya-II vein). The length of the veins is more than 400 m along the strike and along the dip, the thickness is from 0.1 to 10 m. Of the 36 known veins that were marked on the map of the licensed site of Kedrovka, at present only six have been tested to a depth. In total, about 20 tons of gold have been mined to date. In 2010, production amounted to 755 kg. The table summarizes the reserves and resources of the deposit (according to OAO Artel Prospectors Zapadnaya):

State and problems of the gold mining industry

In terms of gold mining, Buryatia ranks 9th in Russia and third in the Siberian Federal District. The modern raw material base of gold mining relies on the deposits of the Okinsky, Bauntovsky, Muysky, Severo-Baikalsky, Khorinsky and Zakamensky regions. In 2010, gold production in the republic decreased by 8.8% compared to 2009 (to 6.021 tons), including: from primary deposits - by 5.4% (to 4.981 tons) and from alluvial deposits - by 21.9 % (up to 1.04 t). The main contribution to gold production was made (kg) by: OJSC Buryatzoloto (subsidiary of Nordgold N.V. Severstal) – 4170 (11% less than in 2009); LLC A/s Zapadnaya - 755 (30.3% more than in 2009); CJSC Vitimgeoprom - 302 (22.7% more than in 2009); LLC "A / s" Sininda-1 "- 232 (35.7% less than in 2009); LLC A/s Kurba - 199 (25.5% less than in 2009) and LLC Priisk Tsipikansky - 173 (6.9% more than in 2009). Gold mining in Buryatia in 2011 remained at the level of 6.1 tons. Most of the gold in the republic is mined at three primary gold deposits proper. The rest (18%) was mined from placers.

According to the dynamics of ore gold mining for almost 7 years (from 2004 to 2011), the amount of ore gold mined has been at the same level and averages about 5 tons. The main mines of the republic operate relatively stably, however, in relation to 2004, Kholbinskoye and Irokindinskoye also have a downward trend in metal production, which may become more pronounced in the next 2–3 years. The reasons for this are a decrease in the average gold content in marketable ore and a sharp increase in the cost of mined metal due to ever-increasing mining conditions, as well as a decrease in funding for geological exploration. And at the Kedrovskoye field, on the contrary, there is a tendency to increase production.

As of 01.10.2010 (ore gold), subsoil users hold 4 mining licenses, 27 licenses for geological exploration and associated mining, and 3 licenses for geological exploration. Currently, three primary gold deposits are being developed (Zun-Kholbinskoye, Irokindinskoye and Kedrovskoye), which account for 77% of the balance reserves of ore gold. As of January 01, 2010, the availability of proven reserves at operating mining enterprises is: Irokinda - 1.3 years, Kholbinsky - 3-5 years, Kedrovskoye - 10 years.

Rice. 2. Dynamics and forecast of gold mining in the Republic of Buryatia (Bakhtin et al. 2007) with additions.

The following ore objects are being prepared for development: Konevinskoye (OOO Khuzhir-Enterprise), Nerundinskoye (OOO Sininda-1), Rudnaya Gorka (Troitskoye) - (LLC Troitskoye), Barun-Kholbinskoye (ZAO Zun-Khada ), Zun-Ospinskoye (A/s Kitoy LLC), Zegen-Golskoye (Olimp Mining Company LLC), in addition, the Ukuchikta and Vodorazdelnoe deposits are re-evaluated from new positions (from vein to vein-vein type of mineralization). The design annual gold production at the Barun-Kholbinskoye deposit is 300-400 kg, at the Zun-Ospinskoye deposit - 500 kg, the Konevinskoye deposit - 2 t, the Nerunda deposit - 1.5 t, the Rudnaya Gorka (Troitskoye) deposit - 1 t, and also when revaluing the Ukuchikta and Vodorazdelnoye deposits - 300 kg, the Zegen-Golskoye deposit - 2 tons.

According to V.I. Bakhtina and others (2007) (Exploration and protection of mineral resources, 2007, No. 12, p. 15-21) There are two options for the further development of the gold mining industry in the Republic of Buryatia. With active (500 million rubles, including the budget of the Russian Federation - 350 million rubles, own funds - 150 million rubles), with an annual increase in appropriations (at the expense of the budget of the Russian Federation - 150 million rubles, for own funds account - 100 million rubles) of exploration financing by 2020, the volume of production can reach 19,800 kg of gold (Fig. 2), with passive (270 million rubles, including the budget of the Russian Federation - 350 million rubles). , own funds - 150 million rubles), without an annual increase in appropriations, the financing of exploration and development of gold will not exceed 11,000 kg.

Gold (placer). For the development of alluvial deposits, subsoil users of Buryatia had (as of 01.01.2007) 61 mining licenses, 76 licenses for geological exploration and associated mining, 29 licenses for geological exploration. Placer gold mining is carried out in the North-Baikal, Muisky, Bauntovsky, Khorinsky and Zakamensky districts, where 228 small placers (20-500 kg) with low and medium gold content (400-1000 mg / m3) have been explored. In 2010, gold production from alluvial deposits amounted to 1.04 tons. The Bauntovsky district produced the largest amount of alluvial gold, followed by Muisky, Severo-Baikalsky and Zakamensky regions. The share of other districts (Khorinsky, Yeravninsky and Pribaikalsky) is not large (4%). Of the total number of enterprises developing placer gold deposits, 50% are provided with reserves for a period of less than three years. Among them are such stably operating enterprises as Sininda 1, Prospectors of Zakamensk and Karalon, Vitimgeoprom and Dzhida tungsten. Of the gold mining enterprises, 2 groups are distinguished: the first of which produces from 1.5 to 2.2 kg per worker, the second with a production level of 0.5-1.4 kg.

An increase in the volume of placer gold mining over three tons is possible, firstly, due to the involvement in the development of reserves (8196 kg) of deep-seated placers of the distributed fund and the state reserve, a significant proportion of fine and fine gold; thirdly, the involvement of gold-bearing weathering crusts. The Tsipikanskaya, Taloiskaya, Alakarskaya, Gorbylokskaya, Chininskaya, Vitimkanskaya and Malo-Amalatskaya depressions of the Bauntovsky region have great prospects for revealing placers of tectonic ledges, similar to the placer of the Tilishma ledge explored and currently exploited in the Muya region; Kydzhimitskaya, Alyanginskaya, Zazinskaya and Eravninskaya depressions of the Muisky and Kurba-Eravninsky districts. The predictive potential of such placers in Buryatia has not been assessed. Great potential - 80-100 tons of placer gold is available in the so-called "yellow sections", common in the Bauntovsky district in the basins of the rivers Karaftit, Vitimkan and others. Solving the problem of extracting fine gold from these sections will strengthen the resource base of placer gold and increase the production of placer gold or keep it at the level of 5.0 tons per year.

Conclusion

The development strategy of the Republic of Buryatia provides for an increase in gold production to 19,800 kg by 2020 (Bakhtin et al., 2007). A number of promising gold deposits are being prepared for development in the republic: Konevinskoye (Khuzhir-Enterprise LLC), Nerundinskoye (Sininda-1 LLC), Rudnaya Gorka (Troitskoye) - (Troitskoye LLC), Barun-Kholbinskoye (Zun -Khada"), Zun-Ospinskoye (LLC "a / s Kitoy"), Zegen-Golskoye (LLC "Mining Company Olimp"), in addition, a reassessment is being carried out from new positions (from vein to vein-vein type of mineralization) of the Ukuchikta and Watershed.

Despite the almost 60-year history of geological exploration, the knowledge of the gold ore regions of the Republic of Buryatia is insufficient.

At the same time, in relation to 2004, the Kholbinsky and Irokindinsky mines of JSC Buryatzoloto continue to have a downward trend in metal production, which may become more pronounced in the next 2-3 years. On the other hand, the reverse trend is observed at the Ukdrovsky mine of OAO Artel Prospectors Zapadnaya. Provision with explored reserves of developed deposits is low: Kedrovskoye - 9 years, Irokinda - 2 years, Zun-Kholbinsky - 5 years.

It is possible to increase the production of alluvial gold in the republic, firstly, by involving the existing reserves of deep-seated placers in the development, secondly, by processing hale-ephel dumps (GEO) along technogenic placers with a significant proportion of small and fine gold, and thirdly , the involvement of gold-bearing weathering crusts and placers of tectonic ledges, as well as gold-bearing “yellow sections”.

A.V. Volkov - IGEM RAS